Chimeric double-stranded nucleic acid

ABSTRACT

A method of reducing the level of a transcription product in a cell comprising contacting with the cell a composition comprising a double-stranded nucleic acid complex comprising a first nucleic acid strand annealed to a second nucleic acid strand, wherein: (i) the first nucleic acid strand hybridizes to the transcription product and comprises (a) a region consisting of at least 4 consecutive nucleotides that are recognized by RNase H when the strand is hybridized to the transcription product, (b) one or more nucleotide analogs located on 5′ terminal side of the region, (c) one or more nucleotide analogs located on 3′ terminal side of the region and (d) a total number of nucleotides and nucleotide analogs ranging from 8 to 35 nucleotides and (ii) the second nucleic acid strand comprises (a) nucleotides and optionally nucleotide analogs and (b) at least 4 consecutive RNA nucleotides.

CROSS REFERENCE

This is a Continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 15/725,845, filedOct. 5, 2017, which is a Divisional of U.S. application Ser. No.14/303,989, filed Jun. 13, 2014, which is a Continuation-in-part ofInternational Application No. PCT/JP2012/083180 filed on Dec. 17, 2012,designating the U.S. and claims the benefit of Japanese PatentApplication No. JP2011-275488 filed on Dec. 16, 2011. The entiredisclosures of the prior applications are hereby incorporated byreference herein in their entirety.

The instant application contains a Sequence Listing which has beensubmitted in ASCII format via EFS-WEB and is hereby incorporated byreference in its entirety. The ASCII copy, created on Jun. 25, 2018, isnamed sequence.txt and is 15 KB.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Field of the Invention

The present application relates to a double-stranded nucleic acid havingan activity of suppressing the expression of a target gene by means ofan antisense effect, and more particularly, to a double-stranded nucleicacid including an antisense nucleic acid that is complementary to thetranscription product of a target gene and contains a region comprisingfour or more contiguous bases, and a nucleic acid that is complementaryto the foregoing nucleic acid.

Related Background Art

In recent years, oligonucleotides have been a subject of interest in theon-going development of pharmaceutical products called nucleic aciddrugs, and particularly, from the viewpoints of high selectivity oftarget gene and low toxicity, the development of nucleic acid drugsutilizing an antisense method is actively underway. The antisense methodis a method of selectively inhibiting the expression of a protein thatis encoded by a target gene, by introducing into a cell anoligonucleotide (antisense oligonucleotide (ASO)) which is complementaryto a partial sequence of the mRNA (sense strand) of a target gene.

As illustrated in FIG. 1 (upper portion), when an oligonucleotidecomprising an RNA is introduced into a cell as an ASO, the ASO binds toa transcription product (mRNA) of the target gene, and a partial doublestrand is formed. It is known that this double strand plays a role as acover to prevent translation by a ribosome, and thus the expression ofthe protein encoded by the target gene is inhibited.

On the other hand, when an oligonucleotide comprising a DNA isintroduced into a cell as an ASO, a partial DNA-RNA hetero-duplex isformed. Since this structure is recognized by RNase H, and the mRNA ofthe target gene is thereby decomposed, the expression of the proteinencoded by the target gene is inhibited. (FIG. 1, lower portion).Furthermore, it has been also found that in many cases, the geneexpression suppressing effect is higher in the case of using a DNA as anASO (RNase H-dependent route), as compared with the case of using anRNA.

On the occasion of utilizing an oligonucleotide as a nucleic acid drug,various nucleic acid analogs such as Locked Nucleic Acid (LNA)(registered trademark), other bridged nucleic acids, and the like havebeen developed in consideration of an enhancement of the bindingaffinity to a target RNA, stability in vivo, and the like.

As illustrated in FIG. 2, since the sugar moiety of a natural nucleicacid (RNA or DNA) has a five-membered ring with four carbon atoms andone oxygen atom, the sugar moiety has two kinds of conformations, anN-form and an S-form. It is known that these conformations swing fromone to the other, and thereby, the helical structure of the nucleic acidalso adopts different forms, an A-form and a B-form. Since the mRNA thatserves as the target of the aforementioned ASO adopts a helicalstructure in the A-form, with the sugar moiety being mainly in theN-form, it is important for the sugar moiety of the ASO to adopt theN-form from the viewpoint of increasing the affinity to RNA. A productthat has been developed under this concept is a modified nucleic acidsuch as a LNA (2′-O, 4′-C-methylene-bridged nucleic acid (2′,4′-BNA)).For example, in the LNA, as the oxygen at the 2′-position and the carbonat the 4′-position are bridged by a methylene group, the conformation isfixed to the N-form, and there is no more fluctuation between theconformations. Therefore, an oligonucleotide synthesized byincorporating several units of LNA has very, high affinity to RNA andvery high sequence specificity, and also exhibits excellent heatresistance and nuclease resistance, as compared with oligonucleotidessynthesized with conventional natural nucleic acids (see JP 10-304889A). Since other artificial nucleic acids also have such characteristics,much attention has been paid to artificial nucleic acids in connectionwith the utilization of an antisense method and the like (see JP10-304889 A, WO 2005/021570, JP 10-195098 A, JP 2002-521310W,WO2007/143315, WO 2008/043753 and WO2008/029619).

Furthermore, when n oligonucleotide is applied to a drug, it isimportant that the relevant oligonucleotide can be delivered to thetarget site with high specificity and high efficiency. In addition, asmethods for delivering an oligonucleotide, a method of utilizing lipidssuch as cholesterol and vitamin E (Kazutaka Nishina et al., MolecularTherapy, Vol. 16, 734-740 (2008) and Jurgen Soutscheck et al., Nature,Vol. 432, 173-178 (2004)), a method of utilizing a receptor-specificpeptide such as RVG-9R (Kazutaka Nishina et al., Molecular Therapy, Vol.16, 734-740 (2008)), and a method of utilizing an antibody specific tothe target site (Dan Peer et al., Science, Vol. 319, 627-630 (2008))have been developed.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In certain embodiments, a double-stranded nucleic acid complex comprisesan antisense nucleic acid which suppresses the expression of a targetgene, or more generally, suppresses the level of an RNA transcriptionproduct. It is a further object that the double-stranded nucleic acidcomplex delivers the antisense nucleic acid strand to a target site withhigh specificity and high efficiency.

For the purpose of studying how to enhance the stability of an ASO, theactivity of suppressing the expression of a target gene in vivo(antisense effect), and the specificity and efficiency in the deliveryof an ASO to a target site (delivery properties) in an antisense method,the inventors prepared an ASO comprising a LNA and a DNA (LNA/DNAgapmer), to which a lipid (cholesterol) was directly bound, and theinventors evaluated the delivery properties and the antisense effect byintravenously administering this ASO to a mouse. As a result, it wasfound that when cholesterol is bound to the ASO, the delivery propertiesof the ASO to the liver are enhanced, however, the antisense effect waslost.

Thus, the inventors conducted thorough investigations in order todevelop a nucleic acid which has a high antisense effect whileincreasing the delivery properties of an ASO, and as a result, theinventors conceived of a new double-stranded nucleic acid complexproduced, in one embodiment, by annealing a LNA/DNA gapmer to an RNAstrand complementary to the gapmer, and first evaluated the antisenseeffect. As a result, it was found that the antisense effect of thedouble-stranded nucleic acid is typically better than that of asingle-stranded LNA/DNA gapmer, and is rather enhanced depending on thestrand length of the ASO used. The inventors also produced adouble-stranded nucleic acid in which tocopherol is bound to thecomplementary strand comprising RNA, intravenously administered thedouble-stranded nucleic acid to a mouse, and evaluated its antisenseeffect. As a result, it was found that the double-stranded nucleic acidcontaining the complementary strand bound to tocopherol has a very highantisense effect. In addition, the inventors also found that theantisense effect of a LNA/DNA gapmer produced by annealing with acomplementary strand comprising PNA (peptide nucleic acid) instead ofRNA is at least similar to or better than that of a single-strandedLNA/DNA gapmer, and furthermore the PNA provides a way to indirectlyassociate the ASO with a peptide, protein, or antibody that can directdelivery of the ASO to a particular site.

That is, the application relates to a double-stranded nucleic acidhaving an activity of suppressing the expression of a target gene bymeans of an antisense effect.

In certain embodiments, the following are provided.

1. A method of reducing the level of a transcription product in a cellcomprising contacting with the cell a composition comprising:

a double-stranded nucleic acid complex comprising a first nucleic acidstrand annealed to a second nucleic acid strand, wherein:

(i) the first nucleic acid strand hybridizes to the transcriptionproduct and comprises (a) a region consisting of at least 4 consecutivenucleotides that are recognized by RNase H when the strand is hybridizedto the transcription product, (b) one or more nucleotide analogs locatedon 5′ terminal side of the region, (c) one or more nucleotide analogslocated on 3′ terminal side of the region and (d) a total number ofnucleotides and nucleotide analogs ranging from 8 to 35 nucleotides and(ii) the second nucleic acid strand comprises (a) nucleotides andoptionally nucleotide analogs and (b) at least 4 consecutive RNAnucleotides.2. The method according to the item 1, wherein the total number ofnucleotides and nucleotide analogs in the first nucleic acid strand andthe total number of nucleotides and nucleotide analogs in the secondnucleic acid strand are the same.3. The method according to the item 1, wherein the total number ofnucleotides and nucleotide analogs in the first nucleic acid strand andthe total number of nucleotides and nucleotide analogs in the secondnucleic acid strand are different.4. The method according to any one of the items 1 to 3, wherein thenucleotide analogs in the first nucleic acid strand are bridgednucleotides.5. The method according to any one of the items 1 to 4, wherein at leastone of the nucleotides and the nucleotide analogs in the first nucleicacid strand is phosphorothioated.6. The method according to any one of the items 1 to 5, wherein thesecond nucleic acid strand comprises one or more phosphorothioatednucleotides located 5′ and/or 3′ to the at least 4 consecutive RNAnucleotides.7. The method according to any one of the items 1 to 6, wherein thesecond nucleic acid strand further comprises a functional moiety havinga function selected from a labeling function, a purification function,and a targeted delivery function.8. The method according to any one of the items 3 to 7, wherein thedouble stranded nucleic acid complex further comprises a third nucleicacid strand annealed to the second nucleic acid.9. The method according to any one of the items 3 to 8, wherein thethird nucleic strand hybridizes to the transcription product andcomprises (a) a region consisting of at least 4 consecutive nucleotidesthat are recognized by RNase H when the strand is hybridized to a secondtranscription product, (b) one or more nucleotide analogs located on 5′terminal side of the region, (c) one or more nucleotide analogs locatedon 3′ terminal side of the region and (d) a total number of nucleotidesand nucleotide analogs ranging from 8 to 35 nucleotides.10. The method according to any one of the items 3 to 8, wherein thethird nucleic strand hybridizes to another transcription product andcomprises (a) a region consisting of at least 4 consecutive nucleotidesthat are recognized by RNase H when the strand is hybridized to theanother transcription product, (b) one or more nucleotide analogslocated on 5′ terminal side of the region, (c) one or more nucleotideanalogs located on 3′ terminal side of the region and (d) a total numberof nucleotides and nucleotide analogs ranging from 8 to 35 nucleotides.11. The method according to anyone of the items 8 to 10, wherein thethird nucleic acid strand further comprises a functional moiety having afunction selected from a labeling function, a purification function, anda targeted delivery function.12. A composition comprising a double-stranded nucleic acid complexcomprising a first nucleic acid strand annealed to a second nucleic acidstrand, wherein:(i) the first nucleic acid strand hybridizes to the transcriptionproduct and comprises (a) a region consisting of at least 4 consecutivenucleotides that are recognized by RNase H when the strand is hybridizedto the transcription product, (b) one or more nucleotide analogs locatedon 5′ terminal side of the region, (c) one or more nucleotide analogslocated on 3′ terminal side of the region and (d) a total number ofnucleotides and nucleotide analogs ranging from 8 to 35 nucleotides and(ii) the second nucleic acid strand comprises (a) nucleotides andoptionally nucleotide analogs and (b) at least 4 consecutive RNAnucleotides.13. The composition according to the item 12, wherein the total numberof nucleotides and nucleotide analogs in the first nucleic acid strandand the total number of nucleotides and nucleotide analogs in the secondnucleic acid strand are the same.14. The composition according to item 12, wherein the total number ofnucleotides and nucleotide analogs in the first nucleic acid strand andthe total number of nucleotides and nucleotide analogs in the secondnucleic acid strand are different.15. The composition according to any one of the items 12 to 14, whereinthe nucleotide analogs in the first nucleic acid strand are bridgednucleotides.16. The composition according to any one of the items 12 to 15, whereinat least one of the nucleotides and the nucleotide analogs in the firstnucleic acid strand is phosphorothioated.17. The composition of according to any one of the items 12 to 16,wherein the second nucleic acid strand comprises one or morephosphorothioated nucleotides located 5′ and/or 3′ to the at least 4consecutive RNA nucleotides.18. The composition according to any one of the items 12 to 17, whereinthe second nucleic acid strand further comprises a functional moietyhaving a function selected from a labeling function, a purificationfunction, and a targeted delivery function.19. The composition according to any one of the items 14 to 18, whereinthe double stranded nucleic acid complex further comprises a thirdnucleic acid strand annealed to the second nucleic acid strand.20. The composition according to the item 19, wherein the third nucleicstrand hybridizes to the transcription product and comprises (a) aregion consisting of at least 4 consecutive nucleotides that arerecognized by RNase H when the strand is hybridized to the transcriptionproduct, (b) one or more nucleotide analogs located on 5′ terminal sideof the region, (c) one or more nucleotide analogs located on 3′ terminalside of the region and (d) a total number of nucleotides and nucleotideanalogs ranging from 8 to 35 nucleotides.21. The composition according to the item 19, wherein the third nucleicstrand hybridizes to another transcription product and comprises (a) aregion consisting of at least 4 consecutive nucleotides that arerecognized by RNase H when the strand is hybridized to the anothertranscription product, (b) one or more nucleotide analogs located on 5′terminal side of the region, (c) one or more nucleotide analogs locatedon 3′ terminal side of the region and (d) a total number of nucleotidesand nucleotide analogs ranging from 8 to 35 nucleotides.22. The composition according to any one of the items 19 to 21, whereinthe third nucleic acid strand further comprises a functional moietyhaving a function selected from a labeling function, a purificationfunction, and a targeted delivery function.

In other embodiments of the present invention, the following areprovided.

(1) A double-stranded nucleic acid having an activity of suppressing theexpression of a target gene by means of an antisense effect, thedouble-stranded nucleic acid comprising nucleic acids of the followingitems (a) and (b):

(a) an antisense nucleic acid that is complementary to the transcriptionproduct of the target gene and contains a region comprising a DNA offour or more contiguous bases, and

(b) a nucleic acid that is complementary to the nucleic acid of (a).

(2) The double-stranded nucleic acid described in the item (1), in whichthe nucleic acid of (a) further contains a region comprising a modifiednucleic acid, which is disposed on at least any one of the 5′-terminalside and the 3′-terminal side of the region comprising a DNA of four ormore contiguous bases.

(3) The double-stranded nucleic acid described in the item (2), in whichthe region comprising a modified nucleic acid of the nucleic acid of (a)is a region comprising a modified nucleic acid, which is disposed on the5′-terminal side and the 3′-terminal side of the region comprising a DNAof four or more contiguous bases, and the modified nucleic acid is aLNA.

(4) The double-stranded nucleic acid described in any one of the items(1) to (3), in which the nucleic acid of (b) is an RNA or a PNA.

(5) The double-stranded nucleic acid described in any one of the items(1) to (3), in which the nucleic acid of (b) is an RNA, the regioncomplementary to the region comprising a modified nucleic acid of thenucleic acid of (a) is modified, and the modification has an effect ofsuppressing the decomposition caused by a ribonuclease (RNase).

(6) The double-stranded nucleic acid described in the item (5), in whichthe modification is 2′-O-methylation and/or phosphorothioation.

(7) The double-stranded nucleic acid described in any one of the items(1) to (6), in which a functional moiety is bonded to the nucleic acidof (b).

(8) The double-stranded nucleic acid described in any one of the items(1) to (7), in which the strand lengths of the nucleic acids of (a) and(b) are the same.

(9) The double-stranded nucleic acid described in any one of the items(1) to (7), in which the strand lengths of the nucleic acids of (a) and(b) are different.

(10) The double-stranded nucleic acid described in the item (9), furtherincluding a nucleic acid of the following item (c):

(c) a nucleic acid that is complementary to a region in the nucleic acidhaving a longer strand length between the nucleic acids of (a) and (b),which is protruding relative to the other nucleic acid.

(11) The double-stranded nucleic acid described in the item (10), inwhich the nucleic acid of (c) is a PNA.

(12) The double-stranded nucleic acid described in the item (10) or(11), in which a functional moiety is bonded to the nucleic acid of (c).

(13) The double-stranded nucleic acid described in the item (7) or (12),in which the functional moiety is a molecule having an activity ofdelivering the double-stranded nucleic acid to a target site.

(14) A composition for suppressing the expression of a target gene bymeans of an antisense effect, the composition containing thedouble-stranded nucleic acid described in any one of the items (1) to(13) as an active ingredient.

(15) A method of reducing the level of a transcription product in a cellcomprising contacting with the cell a composition comprising:

(a) a double-stranded nucleic acid complex comprising a first nucleicacid strand annealed to a second nucleic acid strand, wherein:

the first nucleic acid strand (i) comprises nucleotides and optionallynucleotide analogs, and the total number of nucleotides and optionallynucleotide analogs in the first nucleic acid strand is from 8 to 100,(ii) comprises at least 4 consecutive nucleotides that are recognized byRNase H when the first nucleic acid strand is hybridized to thetranscription product, and (iii) the first nucleic acid strandhybridizes to the transcription product; and

the second nucleic acid strand comprises nucleotides and optionallynucleotide analogs.

(16) A method of reducing the expression level of a gene in a mammalcomprising the step of administering an effective amount to the mammalof a pharmaceutical composition comprising:

(a) a double-stranded nucleic acid complex comprising a first nucleicacid strand annealed to a second nucleic acid strand, wherein:

the first nucleic acid strand (i) comprises nucleotides and optionallynucleotide analogs, and the total number of nucleotides and optionallynucleotide analogs in the first nucleic acid strand is from 8 to 100,(ii) comprises at least 4 consecutive nucleotides that are recognized byRNase H when the first nucleic acid strand is hybridized to atranscription product of the gene, and (iii) the first nucleic acidstrand hybridizes to the transcription product; and

the second nucleic acid strand comprises nucleotides and optionallynucleotide analogs; and

(b) a pahrmaceutically acceptable carrier.

(17) A purified or isolated double stranded nucleic acid complexcomprising a first nucleic acid strand annealed to a second nucleic acidstrand, wherein:

the first nucleic acid strand (i) comprises nucleotides and optionallynucleotide analogs, and the total number of nucleotides and nucleotideanalogs in the first nucleic acid strand is from 8 to 100, (ii)comprises at least 4 consecutive nucleotides that are recognized byRNase H when the first nucleic acid strand is hybridized to atranscription product, (iii) comprises at least one non-naturalnucleotide, and (iv) the first nucleic acid strand hybridizes to thetranscription product; and

the second nucleic acid strand comprises nucleotides and optionallynucleotide analogs.

(18) A pharmaceutical composition for treating a mammal comprising thedouble stranded nucleic acid complex of item (17), wherein thetranscription product is a mammalian transcription product, and apharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

In other embodiments of the present invention, the following areprovided.

<1> A purified or isolated double stranded nucleic acid complexcomprising a first nucleic acid strand annealed to a second nucleic acidstrand, wherein:

the first nucleic acid strand comprises DNA nucleotides and optionallynucleotide analogs, wherein a 5′ wing region comprising one or morenuclease-resistant nucleotides is located at the 5′ terminus and/or a 3′wing region comprising one or more nuclease-resistant nucleotides islocated at the 3′ terminus, the first nucleic acid strand includes atleast 4 consecutive DNA nucleotides, and the total number of DNAnucleotides and nucleotide analogs in the first nucleic acid strand isfrom 10 to 100 nucleotides;

the first nucleic acid strand further comprises a sequence of at least10 consecutive nucleotides complementary to a portion of a sequence of atranscription product; and

the second nucleic acid strand comprises:

(i) RNA nucleotides and optionally nucleotide analogs, and optionally aDNA nucleotide; or

(ii) DNA nucleotides and/or nucleotide analogs; or

(iii) PNA nucleotides;

wherein a 5′ wing region comprising one or more nuclease-resistantnucleotides is located at the 5′ terminus and/or a 3′ wing regioncomprising one or more nuclease-resistant nucleotides is located at the3′ terminus, and where the total number of RNA nucleotides, DNAnucleotides, nucleotide analogs, and PNA nucleotides in the secondnucleic acid strand is from 10 to 100 nucleotides.<2> The double stranded nucleic acid complex of item <1>, wherein thetranscription product is a protein-coding transcription product.<3> The double stranded nucleic acid complex of <1>, wherein thetranscription product is a non-protein-coding transcription product.<4> The double stranded nucleic acid complex of any one of items<1>-<3>, wherein the number of nucleotides in the first nucleic acidstrand and the second nucleic acid strand are the same.<5> The double stranded nucleic acid complex of any one of items<1>-<3>, wherein the number of nucleotides in the first nucleic acidstrand and the second nucleic acid strand are different.<6> The double stranded nucleic acid complex of item <5>, wherein thenumber of nucleotides in the second nucleic acid strand is greater thanthe number of nucleotides in the first nucleic acid strand.<7> The double stranded nucleic acid complex of any one of items<1>-<6>, wherein the first nucleic acid strand comprises a total numberof nucleotides ranging from 10 to 35 nucleotides.<8> The double stranded nucleic acid complex of any one of items<1>-<7>, wherein the nucleotides of the first nucleic acid strand areall nuclease-resistant nucleotides.<9> The double stranded nucleic acid complex of any one of items<1>-<8>, wherein the 5′ wing region of the first nucleic acid strandcomprises one or more nucleotide analogs and/or the 3′ wing region ofthe first nucleic acid strand comprises one or more nucleotide analogslocated at the 3′ terminus.<10> The double stranded nucleic acid complex of any one of items<1>-<9>, wherein the first strand comprises a 5′ wing region of at least2 consecutive nucleotide analogs at the 5′-terminus and a 3′ wing regionof at least 2 consecutive nucleotide analogs at the 3′-terminus.<11> The double stranded nucleic acid complex of item <10>, wherein the5′ wing region and the 3′ wing region independently consist of 2 to 10nucleotide analogs.<12> The double stranded nucleic acid complex of claim 11, wherein the5′ wing region and the 3′ wing region independently consist of 2-3nucleotide analogs.<13> The double stranded nucleic acid complex of any one of items<1>-<12>, wherein the first nucleic acid strand comprises at least onenucleotide analog that is a bridged nucleotides.<14> The double stranded nucleic acid complex of any one of items<1>-<13>, wherein the nucleotide analogs contained in the first nucleicacid strand are bridged nucleotides.<15> The double stranded nucleic acid complex of item <14>, wherein thebridged nucleotides of the first nucleic acid strand are independentlyselected from LNA, cEt-BNA, amideBNA (AmNA), and cMOE-BNA.<16> The double stranded nucleic acid complex of claim <14>, wherein thebridged nucleotides of the second nucleic acid strand are selected froma ribonucleotide in which the carbon atom at the 2′-position and thecarbon atom at the 4′-position are bridged by4′-(CH₂)_(p)—O-2′,4′-(CH₂)_(p)—S-2′,4′-(CH₂)_(p)—OCO-2′,4′-(CH₂)_(n)—N(R₃)—O—(CH₂)_(m)-2′,where p, m and n represent an integer from 1 to 4, an integer from 0 to2, and an integer from 1 to 3, respectively, and R₃ represents ahydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an alkenyl group, a cycloalkyl group, anaryl group, an aralkyl group, an acyl group, a sulfonyl group, afluorescent or chemiluminescent label, a functional group with nucleicacid cleavage activity, or an intracellular or intranuclear localizationsignal peptide.<17> The double stranded nucleic acid complex of any one of items<1>-<16>, wherein the DNA nucleotides in first nucleic acid strand arephosporothioated.<18> The double stranded nucleic acid complex of any one of items<1>-<17>, wherein the nucleotide analogs in the first nucleic acidstrand are phosphorothioated.<19> The double stranded nucleic acid complex of any one of items<1>-<18>, wherein the first nucleic acid strand includes a segment of4-20 consecutive DNA nucleotides.<20> The double stranded nucleic acid complex of any one of items<1>-<19>, wherein the first strand comprises (i) a 5′ wing region of atleast 2 consecutive nucleotide analogs at the 5′-terminus, (ii) a 3′wing region of at least 2 consecutive nucleotide analogs at the3′-terminus, and (iii) at least 4 consecutive DNA nucleotides.<21> The double stranded nucleic acid complex of any one of items<1>-<19>, wherein the first strand comprises (i) a 5′ wing region of atleast 2 consecutive nucleotide analogs at the 5′-terminus, (ii) a 3′wing region of at least 2 consecutive nucleotide analogs at the3′-terminus, wherein said nucleotide analogs in the 5′ wing region and3′ wing region are bridged nucleotides; and (iii) at least 4 consecutiveDNA nucleotides; wherein said bridged nucleotides and said DNAnucleotides are phosphorothioated.<22> The double stranded nucleic acid of any one of items <1>-<21>,wherein the first nucleic acid strand has a length of 12-25 nucleotides.<23> The double stranded nucleic acid complex of anyone of items<1>-<22>, wherein the second nucleic acid strand comprises RNAnucleotides and/or nucleotide analogs, and optionally a DNA nucleotide.<24> The double stranded nucleic acid complex of item <23>, wherein the5′ wing region of the second nucleic acid strand comprises at least onenucleotide analog, the 3′ wing region of the second nucleic acid strandcomprises at least one nucleotide analog, and the second nucleic acidstrand comprises at least 4 consecutive RNA nucleotides.<25> The double stranded nucleic acid complex of item <23>, wherein the5′ wing region of the second nucleic acid strand comprises at least onephosphorothioated nucleotide, the 3′ wing region of the second nucleicacid strand comprises at least one phosphorothioated nucleotide, and thesecond nucleic acid strand comprises at least 4 consecutive RNAnucleotides.<26> The double stranded nucleic acid complex of item <24> or <25>,wherein all nucleotides of the 5′ wing and the 3′ wing region of thesecond nucleic acid strand are phosphorothioated.<27> The double stranded nucleic acid complex of any one of claims<24>-<26>, wherein the nuclease-resistant nucleotides of the secondnucleic acid strand are independently selected from a bridged nucleotideand a 2′-O-methylated RNA.<28> The double stranded nucleic acid complex of item <27>, wherein thebridged nucleotides of the second nucleic acid strand are independentlyselected from LNA, cEt-BNA, amideBNA (AmNA), and cMOE-BNA.<29> The double stranded nucleic acid complex of item <27>, wherein thebridged nucleotides of the second nucleic acid strand are selected froma ribonucleotide in which the carbon atom at the 2′-position and thecarbon atom at the 4′-position are bridged by4′-(CH₂)_(p)—O-2′,4′-(CH₂)_(p)—S-2′,4′-(CH₂)_(p)—OCO-2′,4′-(CH₂)_(n)—N(R₃)—O—(CH₂)_(m)-2′,where p, m and n represent an integer from 1 to 4, an integer from 0 to2, and an integer from 1 to 3, respectively, and R3 represents ahydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an alkenyl group, a cycloalkyl group, anaryl group, an aralkyl group, an acyl group, a sulfonyl group, afluorescent or chemiluminescent label, a functional group with nucleicacid cleavage activity, or an intracellular or intranuclear localizationsignal peptide.<30> The double stranded nucleic acid complex of item <24>, wherein thesecond nucleic acid strand comprises (i) a 5′ wing region of at least 2phosphorothioated, 2′-O-methylated RNA nucleotides at the 5′-terminus,(ii) a 3′ wing region of at least 2 phosphorothioated, 2′-O-methylatedRNA nucleotides at the 3′-terminus, and (iii) at least 4 consecutivenatural RNA nucleotides that, independently, are optionallyphophorothioated.<31> The double stranded nucleic acid complex of item <24>, wherein thesecond nucleic acid strand comprises (i) a 5′ wing region of at least 2phosphorothioated, bridged nucleotides at the 5′-terminus, (ii) a 3′wing region of at least 2 phosphorothioated, bridged nucleotides at the3′-terminus, and (iii) at least 4 consecutive natural RNA nucleotidesthat, independently, are optionally phophorothioated.<32> The double stranded nucleic acid complex of any of items <1>-<22>,wherein the second nucleic acid strand comprises PNA nucleotides.<33> The double stranded nucleic complex of any of items <23>-<32>,wherein the second nucleic acid strand further comprises a functionalmoiety having a function selected from a labeling function, apurification function, and a targeted delivery function.<34> The double stranded nucleic acid complex according to any one ofitems <1> to <3> and <5> to <33>, wherein the double stranded nucleicacid complex further comprises a third nucleic acid strand annealed tothe second nucleic acid strand.<35> The double stranded nucleic acid according to item <34>, whereinthe third nucleic acid strand comprises DNA nucleotides and optionallynucleotide analogs, and includes at least 4 consecutive DNA nucleotides,where the total number of nucleotides is from 10 to 100 nucleotides,said third nucleic acid strand further comprising a sequence of at least10 consecutive nucleotides complementary to a portion of a sequence of atranscription product.<36> The double stranded nucleic acid according to item <35>, whereinthe third strand comprises (i) a 5′ wing region of at least 2consecutive nucleotide analogs at the 5′-terminus, (ii) a 3′ wing regionof at least 2 consecutive nucleotide analogs at the 3′-terminus, whereinsaid nucleotide analogs in the 5′ wing region and 3′ wing region arebridged nucleotides; and (iii) at least 4 consecutive DNA nucleotides;wherein said bridged nucleotides and said DNA nucleotides arephosphorothioated.<37> The double stranded nucleic acid according to item <34>, whereinthe third nucleic acid strand comprises PNA nucleotides.<38> The double stranded nucleic complex of any of items <34>-<37>,wherein the third nucleic acid strand further comprises a functionalmoiety having a function selected from a labeling function, apurification function, and a targeted delivery function.<39> The double stranded nucleic acid complex according to item 33 or38, wherein said functional moiety is a molecule selected from a lipid,a peptide, and a protein.<40> The double stranded nucleic acid complex according to item <39>,wherein the functional moiety is joined to the 3′-terminal nucleotide orthe 5′-terminal nucleotide.<41> The double stranded nucleic acid complex according to item <39> or<40>, wherein the functional moiety is a lipid.<42> The double stranded nucleic acid complex according to item <41>,wherein the functional moiety is a lipid selected from cholesterol, afatty acid, a lipid-soluble vitamin, a glycolipid, and a glyceride.<43> The double stranded nucleic acid complex according to item <41>,wherein the functional moiety is a lipid selected from cholesterol, atocopherol, and a tocotrienol.<44> The double stranded nucleic acid complex according to item <39> or<40>, wherein the functional molecule is a peptide or protein selectedfrom a receptor ligand and an antibody.<45> A pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceuticallyacceptable carrier and the double stranded nucleic acid complex of anyone of items <1> to <44>.<46> Use of the double stranded nucleic acid complex of any one of items<1> to <44> for the preparation of a medicament for reducing theexpression of a gene in a mammal.<47> Use of the double stranded nucleic acid complex of any one of items<1> to <44> for reducing expression of a gene in a mammal.<48> A method of reducing expression of a gene in a mammal comprisingthe step of administering an effective amount to the mammal of apharmaceutical composition comprising:a purified or isolated double stranded nucleic acid complex comprising afirst nucleic acid strand annealed to a second nucleic acid strand,wherein:the first nucleic acid strand comprises DNA nucleotides and optionallynucleotide analogs, and includes at least 4 consecutive DNA nucleotides,where the total number of DNA nucleotides and nucleotide analogs in thefirst nucleic acid strand is from 10 to 100 nucleotides;the first nucleic acid strand further comprises a sequence of at least10 consecutive nucleotides complementary to a portion of a sequence of amammalian transcription product; and the second nucleic acid strandcomprises:(i) RNA nucleotides and optionally nucleotide analogs, and optionally aDNA nucleotide; or(ii) DNA nucleotides and/or nucleotide analogs; or(iii) PNA nucleotides;where the total number of RNA nucleotides, DNA nucleotides, nucleotideanalogs, and PNA nucleotides in the second nucleic acid strand is from10 to 100 nucleotides; and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.<49> The method of item <48>, wherein the route of administration isenteral.<50> The method of item <48>, wherein the route of administration isparenteral.<51> The method of anyone of items <48>-<50>, wherein the dosage rangesfrom 0.001 mg/kg/day to 50 mg/kg/day of the double stranded nucleic acidcomplex.<52> The method of anyone of items <48>-<51>, wherein the mammal is ahuman.

According to the above-mentioned embodiments, an antisense nucleic acidcan be delivered in a double-stranded complex and the expression of atarget gene or the level of a transcription product can be selectivelyand very effectively suppressed by the antisense nucleic acid. In someembodiments, the double-stranded complex can be delivered to a targetsite with high specificity and high efficiency by associating a deliverymoiety with the complex.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating the general mechanisms of certainantisense methods. As illustrated in the diagram, when anoligonucleotide (antisense oligonucleotide (ASO)) (“DNA” in the diagram)that is complementary to a partial sequence of the mRNA of a target geneis introduced into a cell, the expression of a protein that is encodedby the target gene is selectively inhibited. In the dashed box, adegradation mechanism is shown in which RNase H cleaves mRNA at alocation at which it is hybridized to an ASO. As a result of RNase Hcleavage, the mRNA generally will not be translated to produce afunctional gene expression product.

FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram illustrating the structures of RNA, DNA,and an LNA nucleotide.

FIGS. 3A-B are schematic diagrams illustrating examples of suitableembodiments of double-stranded nucleic acid complexes. The5′-LNA-DNA-LNA-3′ strands are antisense nucleic acids complementary tothe targeted transcription product. In the diagram, “(s)” representsnucleic acids with phosphorothioate linkages; “(o)” represents nucleicacids with natural phosphorothioate linkages; and “(m/s)” represents RNAthat has been phosphorothioated and 2′-O-methylated. Furthermore, “X”represents a functional moiety, and may independently represent a lipid(for example, cholesterol or tocopherol), a sugar or the like, or aprotein, a peptide (for example, an antibody) or the like.

FIGS. 4A-B are schematic diagrams illustrating examples of suitableembodiments of a double-stranded nucleic acid complexes that containthree strands: a first ASO nucleic acid strand and a secondcomplementary nucleic acid strand, that have different strand lengths,and a third nucleic acid strand comprising a PNA to which is bound afunctional molecule such as a peptide, an antibody, or the like. Symbolsin the diagram have the same meanings as those defined in FIGS. 3A-B.

FIGS. 5A-B are schematic diagrams illustrating examples of suitableembodiments of a double-stranded nucleic acid complex that have at leasta first ASO nucleic acid strand and a second complementary nucleic acidstrand that have different chain lengths. In these embodiments, either(A) the nucleic acid further comprises a third nucleic acid strandcomplementary to the second nucleic acid strand or (B) the secondnucleic acid strand further comprises a self-complementary region ofphosphorothioated DNA attached to the second nucleic acid strand by ahairpin linker. Furthermore, in the diagram, “(m)” represents a2′-O-methylated RNA. Other symbols have the same meanings as thosedefined in FIGS. 3A-B.

FIG. 6A is a schematic diagram illustrating a nucleic acid having thestructure of 5′-LNA-DNA-LNA-3′ that is labeled at the 5′ terminus withthe fluorescent dye Cy3. FIG. 6B is a schematic diagram illustrating anucleic acid having the structure of 5′-LNA-DNA-LNA-3′ that is labeledat the 5′ terminus with the fluorescent dye Cy3 and is labeled at the3′-terminus with cholesterol (“Chol”).

“(s)” represents a phosphorothioated nucleic acid.

FIGS. 7A-B are fluorescence microscopic photographs illustrating theresults of observing the liver of a mouse to which fluorescently(Cy3)-labeled “LNA” (in accordance with FIG. 6A) or fluorescently(Cy3)-labeled “chol-LNA” (in accordance with FIG. 6B) has beenadministered.

FIG. 8 is a graph illustrating the results obtained by administering tomice “12-mer Cy3-Chol-LNA(ApoB1)” (in accordance with FIG. 6B), “20-merCy3-Chol-LNA(ApoB1),” or “29-mer Cy3-Chol-LNA(ApoB1),” or “12-merCy3-LNA(ApoB1)” (in accordance with FIG. 6A), all of which have asequence complementary to the base sequence of ApoB1 gene, and analyzingthe amount of expression of ApoB1 gene in the livers of these mice byquantitative PCR.

FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram illustrating certain embodiments of adouble-stranded nucleic acid. Symbols have the same meanings as thosedefined in FIGS. 3A-6B.

FIG. 10 is a schematic diagram illustrating the antisense strand (ASO)and its complementary strands (cRNA(o), cRNA(G), and cRNA (m/s)), whichwere used to evaluate the antisense effect of a double-stranded nucleicacid complex according to one embodiment. Symbols have the same meaningsas those defined in FIGS. 3A-6B and 9.

FIGS. 11A-B show photographs illustrating the results obtained byanalyzing the presence or absence of annealing of the antisense strandand its complementary strands illustrated in FIG. 10 by electrophoresis.Panel A indicates the results of taking a photograph under UVillumination, and panel B shows a photograph of the gel.

FIG. 12 is a photograph taken under UV illumination illustrating theresults obtained by annealing the antisense strand and its complementarystrands illustrated in FIG. 10, treating the strands with RNase H, andanalyzing the reaction products by electrophoresis.

FIG. 13 is a graph illustrating the results obtained by introducing theantisense strand illustrated in FIG. 10 or double-stranded nucleic acidcomplexes (at concentrations of 0.4 nM or 10 nM) composed of theantisense strand and one of the complementary strands illustrated inFIG. 10, into cells. The amount of expression of ApoB1 gene, whosetranscription product is targeted by the antisense strand, in the cellswas analyzed by quantitative PCR.

FIG. 14 is a graph illustrating the results obtained by analyzing theamount of expression of ApoB1 gene in cells into which the antisensestrand illustrated in FIG. 10 or double-stranded nucleic acid complexescomposed of the antisense strand and one of the complementary strandsillustrated in FIG. 10, normalized to the amount of expression obtainedin the cells where only the antisense strand was introduced.

FIG. 15 is a schematic diagram illustrating an antisense strand, acomplementary strand (cRNA(G)), and a complementary strand with atocopherol functional moiety (Toc-cRNA(G)), which were used to evaluatethe antisense effect of a double-stranded nucleic acid complex. “Toc”represents tocopherol. Other symbols have the same meanings as thosedefined in FIGS. 3A-6B, 9, and 10.

FIG. 16 is a graph illustrating the results obtained by administeringthe antisense strand illustrated in FIG. 15 or double-stranded nucleicacids composed of the antisense strand and one of the complementarystrands illustrated in FIG. 15, to mice, and analyzing the amounts ofexpression of ApoB1 gene, whose transcription product is targeted by theantisense strand, in the mice.

FIG. 17 is a graph illustrating the results obtained by evaluating thespecificity of the antisense effect of a double-stranded nucleic acidcomplex composed of the antisense strand and a complementary strandhaving tocopherol bound thereto as illustrated in FIG. 15.

FIG. 18 is a graph illustrating the results obtained by evaluating thedose dependency of the antisense effect of a double-stranded nucleicacid complex composed of the antisense strand and a complementary strandhaving tocopherol bound thereto as illustrated in FIG. 15.

FIG. 19A is a graph illustrating the results obtained by evaluatingsustainability of the antisense effect of double-stranded nucleic acidcomplexes composed of the antisense strand and complementary chainshaving tocopherol bound thereto as illustrated in FIG. 15. In thediagram, “d” represents the number of days passed after the relevantdouble-stranded nucleic acid was administered.

FIG. 19B is a graph illustrating the results obtained by evaluatingsustainability of the antisense effect of double-stranded nucleic acidcomplexes composed of the antisense strand and complementary chainshaving tocopherol bound thereto as illustrated in FIG. 15. In thediagram, “d” represents the number of days passed after the relevantdouble-stranded nucleic acid was administered.

FIG. 20A is a schematic diagram illustrating an antisenseoligonucleotide and complementary strands according to certainembodiments.

FIG. 20B is a graph comparing the results obtained by evaluating theantisense effect of the double-stranded nucleic acid complex(LNA/cRNA(G)-OM) according to one embodiment of the present invention,which has a complementary strand comprising RNA that is entirely2′-O-methylated.

FIGS. 21A-C are schematic diagrams illustrating suitable embodiments ofa double-stranded nucleic acid that can be used to incorporate apeptide, protein, or the like as a functional moiety. The symbols in thediagram have the same meanings as those defined in FIGS. 3A-B and FIGS.4A-B.

FIG. 22 is a graph illustrating the results obtained by evaluating theantisense effect of the double-stranded nucleic acid complex composed ofthree strands: the antisense strand, a complementary strand comprisingRNA, and a PNA strand for binding to a peptide or the like.

FIG. 23 is a graph illustrating the results obtained by evaluating theantisense effect of double-stranded nucleic acid complexes composed ofan antisense strand and a complementary strand comprising PNA.

FIG. 24 is a schematic diagram illustrating an antisense oligonucleotideand complementary strands according to certain embodiments.

FIG. 25A is a graph illustrating the results obtained fordouble-stranded nucleic acid complexes prepared with the strands shownin FIG. 24.

FIG. 25B is a graph illustrating the results obtained fordouble-stranded nucleic acid complexes prepared with the strands shownin FIG. 24.

FIG. 26 is a graph illustrating the results obtained in Example 11 forsuppression of expression using double-stranded nucleic acid complexes.

FIG. 27A is a graph illustrating the results obtained in Example 12evaluating the suppression of expression of hTTR with double-strandednucleic acid complexes of different length.

FIG. 27B is a graph illustrating the results obtained in Example 12evaluating the suppression of expression of hTTR with double-strandednucleic acid complexes of different length.

FIG. 28 is a graph illustrating the results obtained in Example 12evaluating the serum protein level for a protein targeted by adouble-stranded nucleic acid complex before and after treatment.

FIG. 29 is a fluorescent image showing the results obtained in Example13 showing localization of a double-stranded nucleic acid complexcomprised of three strands.

FIG. 30 is a graph illustrating the results of Example 13 showingsuppression of expression caused by a double-stranded nucleic acidcomplex comprised of three strands.

FIG. 31 is a graph illustrating the results of Example 14 showingsuppression of the level of an miRNA.

FIG. 32 is a graph illustrating the results obtained in Example 15demonstrating suppression of expression using a double-stranded nucleicacid complex containing an ASO that includes amideBNA (AmNA) nucleotideanalog.

FIG. 33A is a graph showing suppression of expression caused byintravenously injecting mice with a double-stranded nucleic acid complex(a Toc-dsASO; 50 mg per g body weight) or PBS.

FIG. 33B is a graph showing suppression of expression in heart muscles,caused by intravenously injecting mice with the Toc-dsASO (50 mg, 25 mg,12.5 mg and 6.25 mg per g body weight) or a single strand antisenseoligonucleotide (an ASO; 50 mg, 25 mg, 12.5 mg and 6.25 mg per g bodyweight) or PBS.

FIG. 33C is a graph showing suppression of expression in skeletalmuscles, caused by intravenously injecting mice with the Toc-dsASO (50mg, 25 mg, 12.5 mg and 6.25 mg per g body weight) or the ASO (50 mg, 25mg, 12.5 mg and 6.25 mg per g body weight) or PBS.

FIG. 33D is a graph showing suppression of expression in Adrenal glands,caused by intravenously injecting mice with the Toc-dsASO (50 mg, 25 mg,12.5 mg and 6.25 mg per g body weight) or the ASO (50 mg, 25 mg, 12.5 mgand 6.25 mg per g body weight) or PBS.

FIG. 33E is a graph showing suppression of expression in lumbar dorsalroot ganglions, caused by intravenously injecting mice with theToc-dsASO (50 mg, 25 mg, 12.5 mg and 6.25 mg per g body weight) or theASO (50 mg, 25 mg, 12.5 mg and 6.25 mg per g bodyweight) or PBS.

FIG. 33F is a graph showing suppression of expression in cervical dorsalroot ganglions, caused by intravenously injecting mice with theToc-dsASO (50 mg, 25 mg, 12.5 mg and 6.25 mg per g body weight) or theASO (50 mg, 25 mg, 12.5 mg and 6.25 mg per g bodyweight) or PBS.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

Double-stranded nucleic acid complexes including an antisense nucleicacid and a nucleic acid complementary to the antisense nucleic acid.

Certain embodiments include a double-stranded nucleic acid complexcomprising a first nucleic acid strand annealed to a second nucleic acidstrand, wherein:

(i) the first nucleic acid strand hybridizes to the transcriptionproduct and comprises (a) a region consisting of at least 4 consecutivenucleotides that are recognized by RNase H when the strand is hybridizedto the transcription product, (b) one or more nucleotide analogs locatedon 5′ terminal side of the region, (c) one or more nucleotide analogslocated on 3′ terminal side of the region and (d) a total number ofnucleotides and nucleotide analogs ranging from 8 to 35 nucleotides and(ii) the second nucleic acid strand comprises (a) nucleotides andoptionally nucleotide analogs and (b) at least 4 consecutive RNAnucleotides.

Other embodiments include a purified or isolated double-stranded nucleicacid complex comprising a first nucleic acid annealed to a secondnucleic acid, which has an activity of suppressing the expression of atarget gene or more generally the level of a transcription product, bymeans of an antisense effect.

The first nucleic acid strand (i) comprises nucleotides and optionallynucleotide analogs, and the total number of nucleotides and nucleotideanalogs in the first nucleic acid strand is from 8 to 100, (ii)comprises at least 4 consecutive nucleotides that are recognized byRNase H when the first nucleic acid strand is hybridized to atranscription product, (iii) comprises at least one non-naturalnucleotide, and (iv) the first nucleic acid strand hybridizes to thetranscription product; and

the second nucleic acid strand comprises nucleotides and optionallynucleotide analogs, and the second nucleic acid strand can anneal to thefirst nucleic acid strand

The second nucleic acid strand comprises:

(i) an RNA nucleotide and optionally a nucleotide analog, and optionallya DNA nucleotide; or

(ii) a DNA nucleotide and/or a nucleotide analog; or

(iii) PNA nucleotides.

As used herein, “first nucleic acid strand”, “second nucleic acidstrand” and “third nucleic acid strand” are also referred to “firststrand”, “second strand” and “third strand” respectively.

The “antisense effect” means suppressing the expression of a target geneor the level of a targeted transcription product, which occurs as aresult of hybridization of the targeted transcription product (RNA sensestrand) with, for example, a DNA strand, or more generally stranddesigned to cause the antisense effect, complementary to a partialsequence of the transcription product or the like, wherein in certaininstances inhibition of translation or a splicing function modifyingeffect such as exon skipping (see the description in the upper partoutside the area surrounded by dotted lines in FIG. 1) may be caused bycovering of the transcription product by the hybridization product,and/or decomposition of the transcription product may occur as a resultof recognition of the hybridized portion (see the description within thearea surrounded by dotted lines in FIG. 1).

The “target gene” or “targeted transcription product” whose expressionis suppressed by the antisense effect is not particularly limited, andexamples thereof include genes whose expression is increased in variousdiseases. Also, the “transcription product of the target gene” is a mRNAtranscribed from the genomic DNA that encodes the target gene, and alsoincludes a mRNA that has not been subjected to base modification, a mRNAprecursor that has not been spliced, and the like. More generally, the“transcription product” may be any RNA synthesized by a DNA-dependentRNA polymerase.

The term “purified or isolated double-stranded nucleic acid complex” asused herein means a nucleic acid complex that comprises at least onenucleic strand that does not occur in nature, or is essentially free ofnaturally occurring nucleic acid materials.

The term “complementary” as used herein means a relationship in whichso-called Watson-Crick base pairs (natural type base pair) ornon-Watson-Crick base pairs (Hoogsteen base pairs and the like) can beformed via hydrogen bonding. It is not necessary that the base sequenceof the targeted transcription product, e.g., the transcription productof a target gene, and the base sequence of the first nucleic acid strandbe perfectly complementary, and it is acceptable if the base sequenceshave a complementary of at least 70% or higher, preferably 80% orhigher, and more preferably 90% or higher (for example, 95%, 96%, 97%,98%, or 99% or higher). The complementary of sequences can be determinedby using a BLAST program or the like. A first strand can be “annealed”to a second strand when the sequences are complementary. A person ofordinary skill in the art can readily determine the conditions(temperature, salt concentration, etc.) under which two strands can beannealed. Also, a person having ordinary skill in the art can easilydesign an antisense nucleic acid complementary to the targetedtranscription product based on the information of the base sequence of,e.g., the target gene.

The first nucleic acid strand according to certain embodiments is anantisense nucleic acid complementary to a transcription product, such asthat of a target gene, and is a nucleic acid containing a regioncomprising at least 4 consecutive nucleotides that are recognized byRNase H when the first nucleic acid strand is hybridized to thetranscription product.

As used herein, the term “nucleic acid” may refer to a monomericnucleotide or nucleoside, or may mean an oligonucleotide consisting ofplural monomers. The term “nucleic acid strand” is also used herein torefer to an oligonucleotide. Nucleic acid strands may be prepared inwhole or in part by chemical synthesis methods, including using aautomated synthesizer or by enzymatic processes, including but notlimited to polymerase, ligase, or restriction reactions.

The strand length of the first nucleic acid strand is not particularlylimited, but the strand length is usually at least 8 bases, at least 10bases, at least 12 bases, or at least 13 bases. The strand length may beup to 20 bases, 25 bases, or 35 bases. The strand length may even be aslong as about 100 bases. Ranges of the length may be 8 to 35 bases, 10to 35 bases, 12 to 25 bases, or 13 to 20 bases. In certain instances,the choice of length generally depends on a balance of the strength ofthe antisense effect with the specificity of the nucleic acid strand forthe target, among other factors such as cost, synthetic yield, and thelike.

The “at least four consecutive nucleotides that are recognized by RNaseH” is usually a region comprising 4 to 20 consecutive bases, a regioncomprising 5 to 16 consecutive bases, or a region comprising 6 to 12consecutive bases. Furthermore, nucleotides that may be used in thisregion are those that, like natural DNA, are recognized by RNase H whenhybridized to RNA nucleotides, wherein the RNase H cleaves the RNAstrand. Suitable nucleotides, such as modified DNA nucleotides and otherbases are know in the art. Nucleotides that contain a 2′-hydroxy group,like an RNA nucleotide are known to not be suitable. One of skill in theart can readily determine the suitability of a nucleotide for use inthis region of “at least four consecutive nucleotides.”

In certain embodiments, the first nucleic acid strand comprises“nucleotides and optionally nucleotide analogs.” This term means thatthe first strand includes DNA nucleotides, RNA nucleotides, andoptionally may further include nucleotide analogs in the strand.

As used herein, “DNA nucleotide” means a naturally occurring DNAnucleotide, or a DNA nucleotide with a modified base, sugar, orphosphate linkage subunit. Similarly, “RNA nucleotide” means a naturallyoccurring RNA nucleotide, or an RNA nucleotide with a modified base,sugar, or phosphate linkage subunit. A modified base, sugar, orphosphate linkage subunit is one in which a single substituent has beenadded or substituted in a subunit, and the subunit as a whole has notbeen replaced with a different chemical group. From the viewpoint that aportion or the entirety of the region comprising the nucleotide has highresistance to deoxyribonuclease and the like, the DNA may be a modifiednucleotide. Examples of such modification include 5-methylation,5-fluorination, 5-bromination, 5-iodination, and N4-methylation ofcytosine; 5-demethylation, 5-fluorination, 5-bromination, and5-iodination of thymidine; N6-methylation and 8-bromination of adenine;N2-methylation and 8-bromination of guanine; phosphorothioation,methylphosphonation, methylthiophosphonation, chiralmethylphosphonation, phosphorodithioation, phosphoroamidation,2′-O-methylation, 2′-methoxyethyl (MOE)ation, 2′-aminopropyl (AP)ation,and 2′-fluorination. However, from the viewpoint of having excellentpharmacokinetics, phosphorothioation is preferred. Such modification maybe carried out such that the same DNA may be subjected to plural kindsof modifications in combination. And, as discussed below, RNAnucleotides may be modified to achieve a similar effect.

In certain instances, the number of modified DNA's and the position ofmodification may affect the antisense effect and the like provided bythe double-stranded nucleic acid of the as disclosed herein. Since theseembodiments may vary with the sequence of the target gene and the like,it may depend on cases, but a person having ordinary skill in the artcan determine suitable embodiments by referring to the descriptions ofdocuments related to antisense methods. Furthermore, when the antisenseeffect possessed by a double-stranded nucleic acid complex aftermodification is measured, if the measured value thus obtained is notsignificantly lower than the measured value of the double-strandednucleic acid complex before modification (for example, if the measuredvalue obtained after modification is lower by 30% or more than themeasured value of the double-stranded nucleic acid complex beforemodification), the relevant modification can be evaluated. Themeasurement of the antisense effect can be carried out, as indicated inthe Examples below, by introducing a nucleic acid compound under testinto a cell or the like, and measuring the amount of expression (amountof mRNA, amount of cDNA, amount of a protein, or the like) of the targetgene in the cell in which the expression is suppressed by the antisenseeffect provided by the nucleic acid compound under test, byappropriately using known techniques such as Northern Blotting,quantitative PCR, and Western Blotting.

As used herein, “nucleotide analog” means a non-naturally occurringnucleotide, wherein the base, sugar, or phosphate linkage subunit hasmore than one substituent added or substituted in a subunit, or that thesubunit as a whole has been replaced with a different chemical group. Anexample of an analog with more than one substitution is a bridgednucleic acid, wherein a bridging unit has been added by virtue of twosubstitutions on the sugar ring, typically linked to the 2′ and 4′carbon atoms. In regard to the first nucleic acid strand according tocertain embodiments, from the viewpoint of increasing the affinity to apartial sequence of the transcription product of the target gene and/orthe resistance of the target gene to a nuclease, the first nucleic acidstrand further comprises a nucleotide analog. The “nucleotide analog”may be any nucleic acid in which, owing to the modifications (bridginggroups, substituents, etc.), the affinity to a partial sequence of thetranscription product of the target gene and/or the resistance of thenucleic acid to a nuclease is enhanced, and examples thereof includenucleic acids that are disclosed to be suitable for use in antisensemethods, in JP 10-304889 A, WO 2005/021570, JP 10-195098 A, JP2002-521310 W, WO 2007/143315, WO 2008/043753, WO 2008/029619, and WO2008/049085 (hereinafter, these documents will be referred to as“documents related to antisense methods”). That is, examples thereofinclude the nucleic acids disclosed in the documents described above: ahexitol nucleic acid (HNA), a cyclohexane nucleic acid (CeNA), a peptidenucleic acid (PNA), a glycol nucleic acid (GNA), a threose nucleic acid(TNA), a morpholino nucleic acid, a tricyclo-DNA (tcDNA), a2′-O-methylated nucleic acid, a 2′-MOE (2′-O-methoxyethyl)lated nucleicacid, a 2′-AP (2′-O-aminopropyl) lated nucleic acid, a 2′-fluorinatednucleic acid, a 2′-F-arabinonucleic acid (2′-F-ANA), and a BNA (bridgednucleic acid).

The BNA according to certain embodiments may be any ribonucleotide ordeoxyribonucleotide in which the 2′ carbon atom and 4′ carbon atom arebridged by two or more atoms. Examples of bridged nucleic acids areknown to those of skill in the art. One subgroup of such BNA's can bedescribed as having the carbon atom at the 2′-position and the carbonatom at the 4′-position bridged by4′-(CH₂)_(p)—O-2′,4′-(CH₂)_(p)—S-2′,4′-(CH₂)_(p)—OCO-2′,4′-(CH₂)_(n)—N(R₃)—O—(CH₂)_(m)-2′(here, p, m and n represent an integer from 1 to 4, an integer from 0 to2, and an integer from 1 to 3, respectively; and R3 represents ahydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an alkenyl group, a cycloalkyl group, anaryl group, an aralkyl group, an acyl group, a sulfonyl group, and aunit substituent (a fluorescent or chemiluminescent labeling molecule, afunctional group having nucleic acid cleavage activity, an intracellularor intranuclear localization signal peptide, or the like)). Furthermore,in regard to the BNA according certain embodiments, in the OR₂substituent on the carbon atom at the 3′-position and the OR₁substituent on the carbon atom at the 5′-position, R₁ and R₂ aretypically hydrogen atoms, but may be identical with or different fromeach other, and may also be a protective group of a hydroxyl group fornucleic acid synthesis, an alkyl group, an alkenyl group, a cycloalkylgroup, an aryl group, an aralkyl group, an acyl group, a sulfonyl group,a silyl group, a phosphoric acid group, a phosphoric acid groupprotected by a protective group for nucleic acid synthesis, or —P(R₄) R₅(here, R₄ and R₅, which may be identical with or different from eachother, each represent a hydroxyl group, a hydroxyl group protected by aprotective group for nucleic acid synthesis, a mercapto group, amercapto group protected by a protective group for nucleic acidsynthesis, an amino group, an alkoxy group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms,an alkylthio group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, a cyanoalkoxy grouphaving 1 to 6 carbon atoms, or an amino group substituted with an alkylgroup having 1 to 5 carbon atoms). Non-limiting examples of such a BNAinclude α-L-methyleneoxy(4′-CH₂—O-2′)BNA orβ-D-methyleneoxy(4′-CH₂—O-2′)BNA, which are also known as LNA (LockedNucleic Acid (registered trademark), 2′,4′-BNA),ethyleneoxy(4′-CH₂)2-O-2′)BNA which is also known as ENA,β-D-thio(4′-CH₂—S-2′)BNA, aminooxy (4′-CH₂—O—N(R₃)-2′)BNA,oxyamino(4′-CH₂—N(R₃)—O-2′)BNA which is also known as 2′,4′-BNANC,2′,4′-BNACOC, 3′-amino-2′,4′-BNA, 5′-methyl BNA, (4′-CH(CH₃)—O-2′)BNA,which is also known as cEt-BNA, (4′-CH(CH₂OCH₃)—O-2′)BNA, which is alsoknown as cMOE-BNA, amideBNA (4′-C(O)—N(R)-2′)BNA (R═H, Me), which isalso known as AmNA, and other BNA's known to those of skill in the art.

Furthermore, in the nucleotide analog, according to certain embodiments,a base moiety may be modified. Examples of the modification at a basemoiety include 5-methylation, 5-fluorination, 5-bromination,5-iodination, and N4-methylation of cytosine; 5-demethylation,5-fluorination, 5-bromination, and 5-iodination of thymidine;N6-methylation and 8-bromination of adenine; and N2-methylation and8-bromination of guanine. Furthermore, in the modified nucleic acidaccording to certain embodiments, a phosphoric acid diester binding sitemay be modified. Examples of the modification of the phosphoric aciddiester binding site include phosphorothioation, methylphosphonation,methylthiophosphonation, chiral methylphosphonation,phosphorodithioation, and phosphoroamidation. However, from theviewpoint of having excellent pharmacokinetics, phosphorothioation maybe used. Also, such modification of a base moiety or modification of aphosphoric acid diester binding site may be carried out such that thesame nucleic acid may be subjected to plural kinds of modifications incombination.

Generally, modified nucleotides and modified nucleotide analogs are notlimited to those exemplified herein. Numerous modified nucleotides andmodified nucleotide analogs are known in art, such as, for example thosedisclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 8,299,039 to Tachas et al., particularly atcol. 17-22, and may be used in the embodiments of this application.

A person having ordinary skill in the art can appropriately select anduse a nucleotide analog among such modified nucleic acids while takingconsideration of the antisense effect, affinity to a partial sequence ofthe transcription product of the target gene, resistance to a nuclease,and the like. However, the nucleotide analog in some embodiments is aLNA represented by the following formula (1):

In formula (1), “Base” represents an aromatic heterocyclic group oraromatic hydrocarbon ring group which may be substituted, for example, abase moiety (purine base or pyrimidine base) of a natural nucleoside, ora base moiety of a non-natural (modified) nucleoside, while examples ofmodification of the base moiety include those described above; and

R₁ and R₂, which may be identical with or different from each other,each represent a hydrogen atom, a protective group of a hydroxyl groupfor nucleic acid synthesis, an alkyl group, an alkenyl group, acycloalkyl group, an aryl group, an aralkyl group, an acyl group, asulfonyl group, a silyl group, a phosphoric acid group, a phosphoricacid group protected by a protective group for nucleic acid synthesis,or —P(R₄)R₅ [here, R₄ and R₅, which may be identical or different fromeach other, each represent a hydroxyl group, a hydroxyl group protectedby a protective group for nucleic acid synthesis, a mercapto group, amercapto group protected by a protective group for nucleic acidsynthesis, an amino group, an alkoxy group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms,an alkylthio group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, a cyanoalkoxy grouphaving 1 to 6 carbon atoms, or an amino group substituted with an alkylgroup having 1 to 5 carbon atoms.

The compounds shown by the above chemical formulas are represented asnucleosides, but the “LNA” and more generally, the BNA according tocertain embodiments include nucleotide forms in which a phosphoric acidderived group is bound to the relevant nucleoside (nucleotide). In otherwords, BNA's, such as LNA, are incorporated as nucleotides in thenucleic strands that comprise the double stranded nucleic acid complex.

The “wing region comprising one or more nucleotide analogs” according tocertain embodiments is located on the 5′-terminal side and/or the3′-terminal side of the region comprising at least four consecutive DNAnucleotides (hereinafter, also called “DNA gap region”).

The region comprising a nucleotide analog that is disposed to the5′-terminus of the DNA gap region (hereinafter, also called “5′ wingregion”) and the region comprising a nucleotide analog that is disposedto the 3′-terminus of the DNA gap region (hereinafter, also called “3′wing region”) may each independently comprise at least one kind of anucleotide analog that is discussed in the documents related toantisense methods, and may further comprise a natural nucleic acid (DNAor RNA) in addition to such a nucleotide analog. Furthermore, the strandlengths of the 5′ wing region and the 3′ wing region are independentlyusually 1 to 10 bases, 1 to 7 bases, or 2 to 5 bases. Preferably, thenumbers of the nucleotide analogs comprised in each wing region are atleast 2 bases.

Furthermore, there are suitable embodiments of the number of kinds andposition of the nucleotide analog and the natural nucleotide in the 5′wing region and the 3′ wing region, since the number and the position ofthose nucleic acids may affect the antisense effect and the likeprovided by the double-stranded nucleic acid complex in certainembodiments. Since these suitable embodiments may vary with the sequenceand the like, it may depend on cases, but a person having ordinary skillin the art can determine the suitable embodiments by referring to thedescriptions of documents related to antisense methods. Furthermore,when the antisense effect possessed by a double-stranded nucleic acidafter modification is measured in the same manner as in the case of theregion comprising “at least four consecutive DNA nucleotides,” if themeasured value thus obtained is not significantly lower than that of adouble-stranded nucleic acid before modification, the relevantmodification can be evaluated as a preferred embodiment.

Meanwhile, antisense methods involving an RNA or a LNA only that havebeen traditionally attempted have suppressed translation through bindingto a target mRNA; however, their effects are typically insufficient. Onthe other hand, in antisense methods involving a DNA only, since adouble-stranded structure composed of a DNA and an RNA is obtained oncethe DNA binds to a target gene transcript, a strong target geneexpression suppressing effect could be expected to be obtained by makingthe DNA-RNA heteroduplex a target of RNase H and thereby cleaving themRNA. However, since the binding of DNA itself to the target RNA isweak, the actual effect has also typically been insufficient.

Therefore, when a DNA having a strand length of at least four or morebases is disposed at the center of a first nucleic acid strand, and aLNA (or other BNA) having a strong binding affinity to RNA (i.e., to thetargeted transcription product) is disposed at both ends of this firststrand, such a composite strand thereby promotes cleavage of the targetRNA by RNase H. The “DNA having a strand length of four” is not howeverlimited to just DNA nucleotides. It is contemplated that the firstnucleic acid strand comprises at least 4 consecutive nucleotides thatare recognized by RNase H when the first nucleic acid strand ishybridized to a transcription product. From the viewpoint that theantisense effect occurring as a result of heteroduplex formation withthe targeted transcription product is excellent, the optional inclusionof nucleotide analogs according to certain embodiments in regionscomprising a modified nucleic acid disposed on the 5′ side and the 3′side of the region comprising at least four consecutive nucleotides thatare recognized by RNase H when the first nucleic acid strand ishybridized to a transcription product, is desirable. The nucleotideanalog may be a BNA, such as, e.g., LNA.

The second nucleic acid strand according to some embodiments of is anucleic acid complementary to the first nucleic acid strand describedabove. It is not necessary that the base sequence of the second nucleicacid strand and the base sequence of the first nucleic acid strand beperfectly complementary to each other, and the base sequences may have acomplementary of at least 70% or higher, preferably 80% or higher, andmore preferably 90% or higher (for example, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% orhigher).

The second nucleic acid strand is an oligonucleotide comprising at leastone kind of nucleic acid selected from RNA, DNA, PNA (peptide nucleicacid) and BNA (e.g., LNA). More specifically, the second nucleic acidstrand may comprise (a) nucleotides and optionally nucleotide analogsand (b) at least 4 consecutive RNA nucleotides; or

(i) an RNA nucleotide and optionally a nucleotide analog, and optionallya DNA nucleotide; or (ii) a DNA nucleotide and/or a nucleotide analog;or (iii) PNA nucleotides.

The term “nucleotides and optionally nucleotide analogs.” means that thesecond nucleic acid strand includes DNA nucleotides, RNA nucleotides,and optionally may further include nucleotide analogs in the strand.

The term “RNA nucleotides and optionally nucleotide analogs, andoptionally a DNA nucleotide” means that the second strand includes RNAnucleotides, and optionally may further include nucleotide analogs inthe strand, and optionally may further include DNA nucleotides in thestrand. The term “DNA nucleotides and/or nucleotide analogs” means thatthe second strand may include either DNA nucleotides or nucleotideanalogs, or may include both DNA nucleotides and nucleotide analogs. Theterm “PNA nucleotides” means that the second strand may be composed ofPNA nucleotides.

However, as will be described in the Examples that follow, from theviewpoint that when the double-stranded nucleic acid complex of certainembodiments is recognized by RNase H in the cell and the second nucleicacid strand is decomposed, the antisense effect of the first nucleicacid strand is readily exhibited, the second nucleic acid strandcomprises RNA nucleotides. Furthermore, from the viewpoint that afunctional molecule such as a peptide can be easily bound to thedouble-stranded nucleic acid complex of some embodiments, the secondnucleic acid strand is a PNA.

As used herein, “RNA nucleotide” means a naturally occurring RNAnucleotide, or an RNA nucleotide with a modified base, sugar, orphosphate linkage subunit. A modified base, sugar, or phosphate linkagesubunit is one in which a single substituent has been added orsubstituted in a subunit, and the subunit as a whole has not beenreplaced with a different chemical group.

In regard to the second nucleic acid strand, a portion or the entiretyof the nucleic acid may be a modified nucleotide, from the viewpoint ofhaving high resistance to a nuclease such as a ribonuclease (RNase).Examples of such modification include 5-methylation, 5-fluorination,5-bromination, 5-iodination and N4-methylation of cytosine;5-demethylation, 5-fluorination, 5-bromination, and 5-iodination ofthymidine; N6-methylation and 8-bromination of adenine; N2-methylationand 8-bromination of guanine; phosphorothioation, methylphosphonation,methylthiophosphonation, chiral methylphosphonation,phosphorodithioation, phosphoroamidation, 2′-O-methylation,2′-methoxyethyl (MOE) ation, 2′-aminopropyl (AP)lation, and2′-fluorination. Also, an RNA nucleotide with a thymidine basesubstituted for a uracil base is also contemplated. However, from theviewpoint of having excellent pharmacokinetics, phosphorothioation isused. Furthermore, such modification may be carried out such that thesame nucleic acid may be subjected to plural kinds of modifications incombination. For example, as used in the Examples described below, thesame RNA may be subjected to phosphorothioation and 2′-O-methylation inorder to provide resistance to enzymatic cleavage. However, where it isexpected or desired for an RNA nucleotide to be cleaved by RNase H, thenonly either phosphorothioation or 2′-O-methylation can be applied.

There are suitable embodiments of the number of nucleotide analogs andthe position of modification with regard to the second nucleic acidstrand, since the number and the position of modification may affect theantisense effect and the like provided by the double-stranded nucleicacid complex in certain embodiments. Since these suitable embodimentsmay vary with the type, sequence and the like of the nucleic acid to bemodified, it may depend on cases, but the type, sequence and the likecan be characterized by measuring the antisense effect possessed by thedouble-stranded nucleic acid after modification in the same manner as inthe case of the first nucleic acid strand described above. According tosuch a suitable embodiment, from the viewpoint that while thedecomposition by a ribonuclease such as RNase A is suppressed until thesecond nucleic acid strand is delivered into the nucleus of a particularcell, the second nucleic acid strand can easily exhibit the antisenseeffect by being decomposed by RNase H in the particular cell, the secondnucleic acid strand is an RNA, a region complementary to the region ofthe first nucleic acid strand comprising a nucleotide analog (i.e., 5′wing region and/or 3′ wing region) is a modified nucleic acid or is anucleotide analog, and the modification or the analog has an effect ofsuppressing decomposition by enzymes, such as a ribonuclease. Accordingto certain embodiments, the modification is 2′-O-methylation and/orphosphorothioation of RNA. Furthermore, in this case, the entire regionthat is complementary to the region of the first nucleic acid strandcomprising a nucleotide analog may be modified, or a portion of theregion that is complementary to the region comprising a modified nucleicacid of the first nucleic acid strand may be modified. In addition, theregion that is modified may be longer than the region comprising amodified nucleic acid of the first nucleic acid strand, or may beshorter, as long as the region that is modified comprises that portion.Preferably, the second nucleic acid strand comprises one or morephosphorothioated nucleotides located 5′ and/or 3′ to the at least 4consecutive RNA nucleotides.

In the double-stranded nucleic acid complex of certain embodiments, afunctional moiety may be bonded to the second nucleic acid strand. Thebonding between the second nucleic acid strand and the functional moietymay be direct bonding, or may be indirect bonding mediated by anothermaterial. However, in certain embodiments, it is preferable that afunctional moiety be directly bonded to the second nucleic acid strandvia covalent bonding, ionic bonding, hydrogen bonding or the like, andfrom the viewpoint that more stable bonding may be obtained, covalentbonding is more preferred.

There are no particular limitations on the structure of the “functionalmoiety” according to certain embodiments, provided it imparts thedesired function to the double-stranded nucleic acid complex and/or thestrand to which it is bound. The desired functions include a labelingfunction, a purification function, and a delivery function. Examples ofmoieties that provide a labeling function include compounds such asfluorescent proteins, luciferase, and the like. Examples of moietiesthat provide a purification function include compounds such as biotin,avidin, a His tag peptide, a GST tag peptide, a FLAG tag peptide, andthe like.

Furthermore, from the viewpoint of delivering the first nucleic acidstrand to a target site with high specificity and high efficiency, andthereby suppressing very effectively the expression of a target gene bythe relevant nucleic acid, it is preferable that a molecule having anactivity of delivering the double-stranded nucleic acid complex of someembodiments to a “target site” within the body, be bonded as afunctional moiety to the second nucleic acid strand.

The moiety having a “targeted delivery function” may be, for example, alipid, from the viewpoint of being capable of delivering thedouble-stranded nucleic acid complex of certain embodiments to the liveror the like with high specificity and high efficiency. Examples of sucha lipid include lipids such as cholesterol and fatty acids (for example,vitamin E (tocopherols, tocotrienols), vitamin A, and vitamin D);lipid-soluble vitamins such as vitamin K (for example, acylcarnitine);intermediate metabolites such as acyl-CoA; glycolipids, glycerides, andderivatives thereof. However, among these, from the viewpoint of havinghigher safety, in certain embodiments, cholesterol and vitamin E(tocopherols and tocotrienols) are used. Furthermore, from the viewpointof being capable of delivering the double-stranded nucleic acid complexof certain embodiments to the brain with high specificity and highefficiency, examples of the “functional moiety” according to the certainembodiments include sugars (for example, glucose and sucrose). Also,from the viewpoint of being capable of delivering the double-strandednucleic acid complex of certain embodiments to various organs with highspecificity and high efficiency by binding to the various proteinspresent on the cell surface of the various organs, examples of the“functional moiety” according to certain embodiments include peptides orproteins such as receptor ligands and antibodies and/or fragmentsthereof.

In regard to the double-stranded nucleic acid complex of certainembodiments, the strand length of the first nucleic acid strand and thestrand length of the second nucleic acid strand may be identical or maybe different. As the double-stranded nucleic acid complex of someembodiments in which the first and second nucleic acid strands have thesame strand length, for example, the double-stranded nucleic acidsillustrated in FIGS. 3A-B are an example of such embodiments.

Furthermore, as the double-stranded nucleic acid of some embodiments inwhich the first and second nucleic acid strands have different strandlengths, for example, the double-stranded nucleic acids illustrated inFIGS. 4A-B and FIGS. 5A-B are examples of such embodiments. That is,some embodiments can provide a double-stranded nucleic acid whichfurther comprises a third nucleic acid strand in addition to the firstand second nucleic acid strands described above.

The third nucleic acid strand is complementary to a region of whicheveris the longer of the first and second nucleic acid strands, which regionis protruding relative to the other nucleic acid.

The third nucleic acid strand according to some embodiments can serve asan antisense oligonucleotide, like the first nucleic acid strand. Assuch, the third strand can target the same sequence or a differentsequence than the first strand. Thus the structure and nucleotidecomposition discussed in relation to the first strand can be similarlyapplied to the structure and composition of the third strand.

More specifically, the third nucleic strand may hybridize to thetranscription product and may comprise (a) a region consisting of atleast 4 consecutive nucleotides that are recognized by RNase H when thestrand is hybridized to the transcription product, (b) one or morenucleotide analogs located on 5′ terminal side of the region, (c) one ormore nucleotide analogs located on 3′ terminal side of the region and(d) a total number of nucleotides and nucleotide analogs ranging from 8to 35 nucleotides.

Here, “the transcription product” means the transcription product towhich the first nucleic acid strand hybridizes.

In addition, the third nucleic strand may hybridize to anothertranscription product and may comprise (a) a region consisting of atleast 4 consecutive nucleotides that are recognized by RNase H when thestrand is hybridized to the another transcription product, (b) one ormore nucleotide analogs located on 5′ terminal side of the region, (c)one or more nucleotide analogs located on 3′ terminal side of the regionand (d) a total number of nucleotides and nucleotide analogs rangingfrom 8 to 35 nucleotides.

As used herein, “another transcription product” means a differenttranscription product than the first strand hybridizes. Furthermore,similarly to the second nucleic acid strand, by causing the functionalmoieties described above to be directly or indirectly bonded to thethird nucleic acid strand, various functions can be imparted to thethird nucleic acid strand, for example, it can be made to function as adelivery agent of the complex.

For example, as illustrated in FIGS. 4A-B, when a PNA is used as thethird nucleic acid strand, since the PNA and a protein (amino acid) canbe bonded through a peptide bond, a double-stranded nucleic acid complexof some embodiments having a functional moiety comprising a protein orthe like can be easily prepared. Furthermore, since the PNA of thedouble-stranded nucleic acid illustrated in FIGS. 4A-B has a shorterstrand length than that of the RNA of the double-stranded nucleic acidof some embodiments illustrated in the lower part of FIGS. 3A-B, andthere is no need to match the PNA to the base sequence of the targetgene, mass production can be achieved. Generally, since synthesis of aPNA is a cost-consuming process, the double-stranded nucleic acidillustrated in FIGS. 4A-B is a preferred embodiment from the viewpointthat a relatively inexpensive double-stranded nucleic acid can beprovided. Particularly, since the double-stranded nucleic acidillustrated in the lower part of FIGS. 4A-B has not only a firstfunctional moiety comprising a protein or the like, but also a secondfunctional moiety, which may comprise a lipid or the like, thedouble-stranded nucleic acid complex can be delivered to a target sitewith higher specificity and higher efficiency.

Furthermore, in general, when a compound is enterally administered(peroral administration or the like), the compound is diffused in thebody not through the blood vessels but through the lymphatic vessels.However, in order to reach the lymphatic vessels, the molecular weightof the compounds typically should be 11,000 Daltons to 17,000 Daltons ormore. Furthermore, since an enterally administered compound is exposedto RNase A in the intestinal tube, it is typically preferable that anucleic acid drug containing RNA have all the portions of RNA modifiedby 2′-O-methylation or the like. Therefore, the double-stranded nucleicacid illustrated in FIGS. 5A-B, which has a molecular weight of about18,000 Daltons and has all the RNA parts 2′-O-methylated, can besuitably used for perenteral administration. Furthermore, thedouble-stranded nucleic acid illustrated in the lower part of FIGS. 5A-Bhas a DNA strand (third nucleic acid strand) and a hairpin loop nucleicacid (preferably, a nucleic acid comprising 4 to 9 bases) that links theDNA strand and a complementary strand comprising RNA (second nucleicacid strand).

Thus, some suitable exemplary embodiments of the double-stranded nucleicacid complex of some embodiments have been described, but thedouble-stranded nucleic acid of some embodiments is not intended to belimited to the exemplary embodiments described above. Furthermore, anyperson having ordinary skill in the art can produce the first nucleicacid strand, the second nucleic acid strand, and the third nucleic acidstrand according to some embodiments by appropriately selecting a knownmethod. For example, the nucleic acids according to some embodiments canbe produced by designing the respective base sequences of the nucleicacids on the basis of the information of the base sequence of thetargeted transcription product (or, in some cases, the base sequence ofa targeted gene), synthesizing the nucleic acids by using a commerciallyavailable automated nucleic acid synthesizer (products of AppliedBiosystems, Inc.; products of Beckman Coulter, Inc.; and the like), andsubsequently purifying the resulting oligonucleotides by using a reversephase column or the like. Nucleic acids produced in this manner aremixed in an appropriate buffer solution and denatured at about 90° C. to98° C. for several minutes (for example, for 5 minutes), subsequentlythe nucleic acids are annealed at about 30° C. to 70° C. for about 1 to8 hours, and thus the double-stranded nucleic acid complex of someembodiments can be produced. Furthermore, a double-stranded nucleic acidcomplex to which a functional moiety is bonded can be produced by usinga nucleic acid species to which a functional moiety has been bonded inadvance, and performing synthesis, purification and annealing asdescribed above. Numerous methods for joining functional moieties tonucleic acids are well-known in the art.

Thus, suitable exemplary embodiments of the double-stranded nucleicacids of the present invention have been described, but as will bedisclosed in the following Examples, the “second nucleic acid strand”according to some embodiments is excellent from the viewpoint that anantisense nucleic acid can be delivered to a target site with highefficiency, without causing a decrease in the antisense effect.Therefore, the double-stranded nucleic acids of some embodiments are notintended to be limited to the exemplary embodiments described above, andfor example, an embodiment that includes the following antisense nucleicacid instead of the first nucleic acid strand described above, can alsobe provided:

A double-stranded nucleic acid complex having an activity of suppressingthe expression of a target gene by means of the antisense effect, thedouble-stranded nucleic acid complex comprising (i) an antisense nucleicacid that is complementary to the transcription product of the targetgene, wherein the nucleic acid does not comprise DNA, and (ii) a nucleicacid that is complementary to the foregoing nucleic acid (i).

That is, in certain embodiments, an antisense nucleic acid has anon-RNase H-dependent antisense effect. The “non-RNase H-dependentantisense effect” means an activity of suppressing the expression of atarget gene that occurs as a result of inhibition of translation or asplicing function modifying effect such as exon skipping when atranscription product of the target gene (RNA sense strand) and anucleic acid strand that is complementary to a partial sequence of thetranscription product are hybridized (see the description of the upperpart outside the area surrounded by dotted lines in FIG. 1).

The “nucleic acid that does not comprise DNA” means an antisense nucleicacid that does not comprise natural DNA and modified DNA, and an examplethereof may be a PNA or a nucleic acid comprising morpholino nucleicacid. Furthermore, in regard to the “nucleic acid that does not compriseDNA,” similarly to the first nucleic acid strand or the second nucleicacid strand, a portion or the entirety of the nucleic acid may becomposed of modified nucleotides, from the viewpoint that the resistanceto nucleases is high. Examples of such modification include thosedescribed above, and the same nucleic acid may be subjected to pluralkinds of modifications in combination. Furthermore, preferredembodiments related to the number of modified nucleic acids and theposition of modification can be characterized by measuring the antisenseeffect possessed by the double-stranded nucleic acid after modification,as in the case of the first nucleic acid strand described above.

It is not necessary that the base sequence of the “nucleic acid thatdoes not comprise DNA” and the base sequence of a nucleic acid that iscomplementary to the nucleic acid or the base sequence of thetranscription product of a target gene be perfectly complementary toeach other, and the base sequences may have a complementarity of atleast 70% or higher, preferably 80% or higher, and more preferably 90%or higher (for example, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or higher).

There are no particular limitations on the strand length of the “nucleicacid that does not comprise DNA,” but the strand length is as describedabove in regard to the first nucleic acid, and is usually 8 to 35 bases,10 to 35 bases, 12 to 25 bases, or 13 to 20 bases.

The “nucleic acid that is complementary to a nucleic acid that does notcomprise DNA” according to some embodiments is the same as the secondnucleic acid strand described above. Furthermore, in the case where thestrand length of the nucleic acid that does not comprise DNA and thestrand length of the nucleic acid that is complementary to the nucleicacid are different, this embodiment may also comprise a third nucleicacid strand. Furthermore, this embodiment may also have the functionalmoieties described above bonded to the “nucleic acid that iscomplementary to the nucleic acid that does not comprise DNA” and/or thethird nucleic acid strand.

Composition for suppressing expression of target gene or level oftargeted transcription product by means of antisense effect.

The double-stranded nucleic acid complex of some embodiments can bedelivered to a target site with high specificity and high efficiency andcan very effectively suppress the expression of a target gene or thelevel of a transcription product, as will be disclosed in the Examplesdescribed below. Therefore, some embodiments can provide a compositionwhich contains the double-stranded nucleic acid complex of someembodiments as an active ingredient and is intended to suppress, e.g.,the expression of a target gene by means of an antisense effect.Particularly, the double-stranded nucleic acid complex of someembodiments can give high efficacy even when administered at a lowconcentration, and by suppressing the distribution of the antisensenucleic acid in organs other than the delivery-targeted area, adverseside effects can be reduced. Therefore, some embodiments can alsoprovide a pharmaceutical composition intended to treat and preventdiseases that are associated with, e.g., increased expression of atarget gene, such as metabolic diseases, tumors, and infections. Moreconcrete examples of target organs and diseases relating to each organin the present invention are shown in Table 1.

TABLE 1 Target Organs Related Diseases Heart Arrhythmias, Diabeticcardiomyopathy, Dilated cardiomyopathies (DCMs), Heart failure (HF),Heart failure (HF), Hyperglycemia-induced myocardial apoptosis,Hypertension, Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), Myocardial infarction,Myocardial ischaemia Skeletal Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD),Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD), Muscle Myotonic dystrophytype 1 (DM1), Myotonic dystrophy type 2 (DM2), Polymyositis LungAcinetobactor infection, Acute lung injury (ALI), influenza A virus,Lung adenocarcinoma, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), Pulmonaryfibrosis Adrenal Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC), Congenital adrenalhyperplasia (CAH), Macronodular grand Adrenal Hyperplasia (MAH),Nephrotic syndrome, Pheochromocytoma Kidney Chronic kidney disease(CKD), Diabetes, Renal cell carcinoma (RCC), Toxic acute tubular injuryChoroid plexus, Alzheimer disease, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS),Brain tumor, Cerebral ischemia, Brain Capillary Multiple sclerosis,Parkinson disease, Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) endotherial cells DRGNeurogenic pain, Paraneoplastic neurological syndrome, Sjogren syndrome

The composition containing the double-stranded nucleic acid complex ofsome embodiments can be formulated by known pharmaceutical methods. Forexample, the composition can be used enterally (perorally or the like)in the form of capsules, tablets, pills, liquids, powders, granules,fine granules, film-coating agents, pellets, troches, sublingual agents,peptizers, buccal preparations, pastes, syrups, suspensions, elixirs,emulsions, coating agents, ointments, plasters, cataplasms, transdermalpreparations, lotions, inhalers, aerosols, injections and suppositories,or non-enterally.

In regard to the formulation of these preparations, pharmacologicallyacceptable carriers or carriers acceptable as food and drink,specifically sterilized water, physiological saline, vegetable oils,solvents, bases, emulsifiers, suspending agents, surfactants, pHadjusting agents, stabilizers, flavors, fragrances, excipients,vehicles, antiseptics, binders, diluents, isotonizing agents, soothingagents, extending agents, disintegrants, buffering agents, coatingagents, lubricating agents, colorants, sweetening agents, thickeningagents, corrigents, dissolution aids, and other additives can beappropriately incorporated.

On the occasion of formulation, as disclosed in Non-Patent Document 1,the double-stranded nucleic acid complex of some embodiments to which alipid is bound as a functional moiety may be caused to forma complexwith a lipoprotein, such as chylomicron or chylomicron remnant.Furthermore, from the viewpoint of increasing the efficiency of enteraladministration, complexes (mixed micelles and emulsions) with substanceshaving a colonic mucosal epithelial permeability enhancing action (forexample, medium-chain fatty acids, long-chain unsaturated fatty acids,or derivatives thereof (salts, ester forms or ether forms)) andsurfactants (nonionic surfactants and anionic surfactants) may also beused, in addition to the lipoproteins.

There are no particular limitations on the preferred form ofadministration of the composition of some embodiments, and examplesthereof include enteral (peroral or the like) or non-enteraladministration, more specifically, intravenous administration,intraarterial administration, intraperitoneal administration,subcutaneous administration, intracutaneous administration,tracheobronchial administration, rectal administration, andintramuscular administration, and administration by transfusion.

The composition of some embodiments can be used for animals includinghuman beings as subjects. However, there are no particular limitationson the animals excluding human beings, and various domestic animals,domestic fowls, pets, experimental animals and the like can be thesubjects of some embodiments.

When the composition of some embodiments is administered or ingested,the amount of administration or the amount of ingestion may beappropriately selected in accordance with the age, body weight, symptomsand health condition of the subject, type of the composition(pharmaceutical product, food and drink, or the like), and the like.However, the effective amount of ingestion of the composition accordingto the certain embodiments is 0.001 mg/kg/day to 500 mg/kg/day of thedouble stranded nucleic acid complex.

The double-stranded nucleic acid complex of some embodiments can bedelivered to a target site with high specificity and high efficiency,and can suppress the expression of a target gene or the level of atranscription product very effectively, as will be disclosed in theExamples that follow. Therefore, some embodiments can provide a methodof administering the double-stranded nucleic acid complex of someembodiments to a subject, and suppressing the expression of a targetgene or transcription product level by means of an antisense effect.Furthermore, a method of treating or preventing various diseases thatare associated with, e.g., increased expression of target genes, byadministering the composition of some embodiments to a subject can alsobe provided.

As described above, the present invention makes it possible to reducethe level of a transcription product in a cell by contacting with thecell the composition of the present invention. Thus, the presentinvention also makes it possible to provide a method of reducing thelevel of a transcription product in a cell comprising contacting withthe cell a composition comprising:

a double-stranded nucleic acid complex comprising a first nucleic acidstrand annealed to a second nucleic acid strand, wherein:

(i) the first nucleic acid strand hybridizes to the transcriptionproduct and comprises (a) a region consisting of at least 4 consecutivenucleotides that are recognized by RNase H when the strand is hybridizedto the transcription product, (b) one or more nucleotide analogs locatedon 5′ terminal side of the region, (c) one or more nucleotide analogslocated on 3′ terminal side of the region and (d) a total number ofnucleotides and nucleotide analogs ranging from 8 to 35 nucleotides and(ii) the second nucleic acid strand comprises (a) nucleotides andoptionally nucleotide analogs and (b) at least 4 consecutive RNAnucleotides.

EXAMPLES

Hereinafter, some embodiments will be described more specifically by wayof Examples and Comparative Examples, but the embodiments not intendedto be limited to the following Examples. Meanwhile, the mice supplied tothe experiments described below were 4 to 6-week old female ICR micewith body weights of 20 to 25 g. Unless particularly stated otherwise,the experiments using mice were all carried out with n=3 to 4.Furthermore, the BNA used in the present Examples was a LNA representedby the above formula (1). In addition, Sequences described inComparative Example 1 and Examples 1-15 are presented in Tables 2-4.

TABLE 2 SEQ ID SEQUENCE SYMBOL Strand Ex. SEQ ID5′-G_(s)C_(s)a_(s)t_(s)t_(s)g_(s)g_(s)t_(s)a_(s)t_(s)T_(s)C-3′ Up: LNA;AS/12 CE1: has two forms. NO: 1 Io: DNA; 5′ Cy3 and 5′ Cy3/3′ Chol; S: 1(plain): 2; 3; 7 (plain); phosphorothioate 8 (plain); 9 (plain) SEQ ID5′-GAAUACCAAUGC-3′ Up: RNA; c/12 1: (o) 2 NO: 2 SEQ ID5′-g_(s)a_(s)AUACCAAU_(s)g_(s)c-3′ Up: RNA; c/12 1: (G); 2; NO: 3 Io:OMe-RNA; 3 (has two forms, plain and 5′ Toc); 7 S: phosphorothioate SEQID 5′-g_(s)a_(s)a_(s)u_(s)a_(s)c_(s)c_(s)a_(s)a_(s)u_(s)g_(s)c- Up: RNA;c/12 1: (m/s) 2 NO: 4 3′ Io: OMe-RNA; S: phosphorothioate SEQ ID5′-G_(s)C_(s)a_(s)t_(s)t_(s)g_(s)g_(s)t_(s)a_(s)t_(s)T_(s)C_(s)A- Up:LNA; AS/13 3: 4; 5; 6; 10 NO: 5 3′ Io: DNA; S: phosphorothioate SEQ ID5′-A_(s)G_(s)C_(s)a_(s)t_(s)t_(s)g_(s)g_(s)t_(s)a_(s)t_(s)T_(s)C_(s) Up:LNA; AS/14 3 NO: 6 A-3′ Io: DNA; S: phosphorothioate SEQ ID5′-u_(s)g_(s)a_(s)AUACCAAU_(s)g_(s)c-3′ Up: RNA; c/13 3 (has two forms,plain and 5′ Toc) NO: 7 Io: OMe-RNA; 4 (5′ Toc form only); 5 (5′ Tocform only) S: 6 (plain and 5′ Toc); 10 (5′ Toc form only)phosphorothioate 11 (5′ Toc form only); 15 (5′ Toc form only) SEQ ID5′-u_(s)g_(s)a_(s)AUACCAAU_(s)g_(s)c_(s)u-3′ Up: RNA; c/14 3 (has twoforms, plain and 5′ Toc) NO: 8 Io: OMe-RNA; S: phosphorothioate

TABLE 3 SEQ ID SEQUENCE SYMBOL Strand Ex. SEQ ID5′-g_(s)a_(s)auaccaau_(s)g_(s)c-3′ Up: RNA; Io: OMe-RNA; S: c/12 7(cRNA(G)- NO: 9 phosphorothioate OM) SEQ ID5′-u_(s)u_(s)cGCACCAGAAUACCAAu_(s)g_(s)c-3′ Up: RNA; Io: OMe-RNA; S:c/21 8 NO: 10 phosphorothioate SEQ ID N′-TGGTGCGAA-C′ Und: PNA 3^(rd)/98 NO: 11 SEQ ID N′-GAAUACCAAUGC-C′ Und: PNA c/12 9 NO: 12 SEQ IDN′-GAAUACCAAU-C′ Und: PNA c/10 9 NO: 13 SEQ ID N′-GAAUACCA-C′ Und: PNAc/8 9 NO: 14 SEQ ID 5′-u_(s)g_(s)a_(s)AUACGAAU_(s)g_(s)c-3′ Up: RNA; Io:LNA; S: c/13 10 NO: 15 phosphorothioate SEQ ID5′-u_(s)g_(s)a_(s)A_(s)U_(s)A_(s)C_(s)C_(s)A_(s)A_(s)U_(s)g_(s)c-3′ Up:RNA; Io: LNA; S: c/13 10 NO: 16 phosphorothioate SEQ ID5′-u_(s)g_(s)a_(s)A_(s)U_(s)A_(s)C_(s)C_(s)A_(s)A_(s)U_(s)g_(s)c-3′ Up:RNA; Io: OMe-RNA; S: c/13 10 NO: 17 phosphorothioate SEQ ID5′-u_(s)g_(s)a_(s)AUACGAAUgcuacgcauacgcacca_(s)c_(s)c_(s)a-3′ Up: RNA;Io: OMe-RNA: S: c/31 11 NO: 18 phosphorothioate

TABLE 4 SEQ ID SEQUENCE SYMBOL Strand Ex. SEQ ID NO:5′-T_(s)G_(s)t_(s)c_(s)t_(s)c_(s)t_(s)g_(s)c_(s)c_(s)T_(s)G_(s)G-3′ Up:LNA; Io: DNA; S: AS/13 12 19 phosphorothioate SEQ ID NO:5′-c_(s)c_(s)a_(s)GGCAGAGA_(s)c_(s)a-3′ Up: RNA; Io: OMe- c/13 12 20RNA; S: phosphorothioate SEQ ID NO:5′-T_(s)T_(s)A_(s)T_(s)T_(s)g_(s)t_(s)c_(s)t_(s)c_(s)t_(s)g_(s)c_(s)c_(s)t_(s)G_(s)G_(s)A_(s)C_(s)T-3′Up: LNA; Io: DNA-S: AS/20 12 21 phosphorothioate SEQ ID NO:5′-a_(s)g_(s)u_(s)c_(s)c_(s)AGGCAGAGAC_(s)a_(s)a_(s)u_(s)a_(s)a-3′ Up:RNA, Io: OMe- c/20 12 22 RNA; S: phosphorothioate SEQ ID NO:5′-T_(s)A_(s)g_(s)t_(s)c_(s)c_(s)a_(s)g_(s)t_(s)t_(s)C_(s)A_(s)C-3′ Up:LNA; Io: DNA; S: AS/13 13 23 phosphorothioate SEQ ID NO:5′-g_(s)u_(s)g_(s)AACUGGACuauacgcac_(s)c_(s)a-3′ Up: RNA; Io: OMe- c/2213 24 RNA; S: phosphorothioate SEQ ID NOs: N′-SPGARAFGGGGS-tggtgcgta-C′Up: AA; Und, Io: PNA 3^(rd)/9 13 25 and 31 SEQ ID NO:5′-C_(s)C_(s)A_(s)t_(s)t_(s)g_(s)t_(s)c_(s)a_(s)c_(s)a_(s)c_(s)T_(s)C_(s)C-3′Up: LNA; Io: DNA; S: AS/15 14 26 phosphorothioate SEQ ID NO:5′-g_(s)g_(s)a_(s)GUGUGACCA_(s)u_(s)g_(s)g-3′ Up: RNA; Io: OMe- c/15 14(5′ Toc) 27 RNA; S: phosphorothioate SEQ ID NO:5′-G_(s)C_(s)a_(s)t_(s)t_(s)g_(s)g_(s)t_(s)a_(s)t_(s)T_(s)C_(s)A-3′ Up:N-methyl AS/13 15 28 amideBNA: Io: DNA, S: phosphorothioate SEQ ID NO:5′-T_(s)C_(s)C_(s)A_(s)G_(s)c_(s)a_(s)t_(s)t_(s)g_(s)g_(s)t_(s)a_(s)t_(s)t_(s)C_(s)A_(s)G_(s)T_(s)G-3′Up: LNA; Io: DNA; S: AS/20 CE1 (3′-Chol) 29 phosphorothioate SEQ ID NO:5′-T_(s)C_(s)C_(s)A_(s)G_(s)c_(s)a_(s)t_(s)t_(s)g_(s)g_(s)t_(s)a_(s)t_(s)t_(s)c_(s)a_(s)g_(s)t_(s)g_(s)t_(s)g_(s)a_(s)Up: LNA; Io: DNA; S: AS/29 CE1 (3′-Chol) 30 t_(s)G_(s)A_(s)C_(s)A_(s)C-3phosphorothioate

Comparative Example 1

The stability of an antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) in an antisensemethod, the activity of suppressing the expression of a target gene invivo (antisense effect), and the delivery properties and antisenseeffect in vivo were evaluated for an ASO comprising LNA nucleotides andDNA nucleotides (“LNA/DNA gapmer”) to which cholesterol had beendirectly bound so as to enhance the delivery properties.

Two ASO's, having the LNA/DNA gapmer structures schematicallyillustrated in FIGS. 6A-B, were prepared. Cy3-ASO, in which afluorescent dye Cy3 was covalently bonded to the 5′-terminus of anLNA/DNA gapmer ASO (FIG. 6A), and Cy3-Chol-ASO, in which cholesterol wascovalently bonded to the 3′-terminus of the Cy3-ASO (FIG. 6B), wereprepared. The target gene of these ASO's is apolipoprotein B (ApoB)gene, and its sequence is shown below. These ASO's were produced bycommissioning Gene Design, Inc. with the synthesis.

GCattggtatTC (upper case: LNA, lower case: DNA, between nucleic acids:phosphorothioate bond) (SEQ ID NO:1)

Meanwhile, Cy3 and the ASO were bonded to each other by aphosphorothioate bond according to a known technique, and cholesteroland the ASO were bonded to each other through tetraethylene glycollinker.

These ASO's were respectively intravenously injected in an amount of 10mg/kg through the mouse tail vein, and after one hour, the mice weredissected to extract the livers. The livers thus obtained were fixedwith a 4% formalin solution, subsequently the solution was replaced witha 30% sucrose solution, the livers were embedded in OCT Compound, andthen sections having a thickness of 10 μm were produced therefrom.Subsequently, the sections were nucleus stained by using DAPI, and thenthe signal intensities of Cy3 in the sections were observed using aconfocal microscope. The results thus obtained are presented in FIGS.7A-B.

Furthermore, Cy3-ASO and Cy3-Chol-ASO were intravenously injected tothree mice each through the tail vein, and after three days, the secondadministration of ASO was carried out. The amount of ASO administeredwas set to 10 mg/kg. Furthermore, mice of a negative control group werealso prepared by administering PBS only instead of the ASO. The dayafter the second administration, the mice were perfused with PBS, andthen the mice were dissected to extract the livers. 1 ml of a nucleicacid extracting reagent (Isogen, manufactured by Gene Design, Inc.) wasadded to 80 mg of the liver thus extracted, and mRNA was extractedaccording to the protocol attached to the reagent. Subsequently, theconcentrations of mRNA of these mice were measured, and cDNA wassynthesized from a certain amount of mRNA by using SuperScript III(manufactured by Invitrogen, Inc.) according to the protocol attachedthereto. The cDNA thus produced was used as a template, and quantitativeRT-PCR was carried out using a TaqMan System (manufactured by RocheApplied Bioscience Corp.). Meanwhile, the primers used in thequantitative RT-PCR were products designed and produced by LifeTechnologies Corp. based on the various gene numbers. Furthermore, theconditions for temperature and time were as follows: 15 seconds at 95°C., 30 seconds at 60° C., and 1 second at 72° C. were designated as onecycle, and 40 cycles thereof were carried out. Based on the results ofthe quantitative RT-PCR thus obtained, the amount of expression ofmApoB/amount of expression of mGAPDH (internal standard gene) wererespectively calculated, and the calculation results for the negativecontrol group and the calculation results for the ASO-administeredgroups were compared and evaluated by a t-test. The results thusobtained are presented in FIG. 8.

As is obvious from the results presented in FIGS. 7A-B, the LNA/DNAgapmer to which cholesterol had been directly bound was accumulated inthe liver in a much larger amount than the LNA/DNA gapmer withoutcholesterol bound thereto.

However, as presented in FIG. 8, it was found that when cholesterol isdirectly bound to the LNA/DNA gapmer and used, the antisense effect waslost.

Example 1

Since it was found that the antisense effect is impaired when afunctional moiety such as cholesterol is directly bound to the LNA/DNAgapmer (antisense strand), the inventors conceived of using adouble-stranded nucleic acid complex where the complementary strand tothe ASO carries a functional moiety to direct delivery of the ASO. FIG.9 schematically illustrates one embodiment of such a complex.

For example, in the case of using an RNA strand as the complementarystrand to an antisense LNA/DNA gapmer (ASO comprising a LNA and a DNA)and further binding a functional moiety to the RNA, the complex of theASO and the complementary RNA strand (cRNA) is specifically andefficiently delivered to the target site by the functional moiety bondedto the cRNA. Further, when the complex is delivered into the nucleus ofthe cell at the target site, since the cRNA is itself an RNA-DNAhetero-oligonucleotide, it is believed that the cRNA is cleaved by RNaseH present in the nucleus, thereby exposing the ASO as a single strand.Subsequently, this ASO binds to mRNA of the target gene and forms a newRNA-DNA heteroduplex, wherein the mRNA is decomposed by RNase H toachieve an antisense effect.

That is, the inventors conceived that by conducting cleavage of a cRNAhaving a functional moiety bonded thereto and decomposition of mRNA of atarget gene by using RNase H, a LNA/DNA gapmer (ASO comprising a LNA anda DNA) can be delivered to a target site with high specificity and highefficiency, and the expression of the target gene can be veryeffectively suppressed without the antisense effect of the ASO beinginhibited by the functional moiety.

Then, in order to demonstrate such conception, the inventors firstproduced a double-stranded DNA of a LNA/DNA gapmer and a cRNA by themethod described below, and evaluated the properties.

As the LNA/DNA gapmer, a Cy3-ASO produced in the same manner as inComparative Example 1 was used. Also, as the cRNA, three differentcomplementary strand structures were prepared. The three structures areschematically illustrated in FIG. 10. One structure comprisesconventional RNA (natural RNA) only (cRNA(o)), in a second structure,two bases each at end of the cRNA strand were chemically modified(2′-O-methylated and phosphorothioated) to have RNase resistance(cRNA(G)), and in the third structure, all the bases in the cRNA strandwere chemically modified (2′-O-methylated and phosphorothioated) to beresistant to cleavage by RNase (cRNA(m/s)). The probes were produced oncommission by Hokkaido System Science Co., Ltd. The sequences of thecRNA strands were as follows:

cRNA(o): (SEQ ID NO: 2) 5′-GAAUACCAAUGC-3′ CRNA(G): (SEQ ID NO: 3)5′-g_(s)a_(s)AUACCAAU_(s)g_(s)c-3′ cRNA(m/s): (SEQ ID NO: 4)5′-g_(s)a_(s)a_(s)u_(s)a_(s)c_(s)c_(s)a_(s)a_(s)u_(s)g_(s)c-3′(Upper case: RNA, lower case: 2′-OMe-RNA, s: phosphorothioate bondsbetween the nucleic acids)

The LNA/DNA gapmer and the respective cRNA's were mixed in equimolaramounts, and the mixtures were heated at 95° C. for 5 minutes and thenwere kept warm at 37° C. for one hour to thereby anneal these nucleicacid strand and form double-stranded nucleic acid complexes. Theannealed nucleic acids were stored at 4° C. or on ice.

Subsequently, the Cy3-ASO's that had been annealed with the respectivecRNA's, and Cy3-ASO were applied to 15% acrylamide gel in an amount of100 pmol each in terms of the amount of LNA, and electrophoresis wascarried out at 100 V for one hour. After the electrophoresis, aphotograph of the gel was taken directly, and then a photograph wastaken under UV light. The results thus obtained are presented in FIGS.11A-B.

Furthermore, the Cy3-ASO's that had been annealed with the respectivecRNA's, and the Cy3-ASO were treated with RNase H, subjected toelectrophoresis as described above, and a photograph of the gel wastaken under UV illumination. The results thus obtained are presented inFIG. 12.

The results presented in FIGS. 11A-B demonstrate that the productobtained by annealing Cy3-ASO and cRNA(o) together, the product obtainedby annealing Cy3-ASO and cRNA(G) together, and the product obtained byannealing Cy3-ASO and cRNA (m/s) together all had slower migration ratesas compared with Cy3-ASO (Lane 1), which was a single-stranded ASO,confirming that the annealed products respectively formeddouble-stranded nucleic acids.

Furthermore, although not illustrated in the drawings, a complementarystrand comprising DNA (cDNA) and Cy3-ASO were mixed and annealed asdescribed above, and the product was analyzed by electrophoresis;however, the product had the same band height as that of Cy3-ASO. It wasconfirmed that cDNA and Cy3-ASO cannot forma double-stranded nucleicacid under the conditions employed. Meanwhile, the sequences andmodifications of the cDNA's that were evaluated were the same as thoseof cRNA(o), cRNA(G) and cRNA (m/s), except that uracil was changed tothymine (hereinafter, the same).

Also, as is obvious from the results illustrated in FIG. 12, even thougha RNase H treatment was applied, the duplex of Cy3-ASO and cRNA (m/s)maintained the double-stranded nucleic acid structure. On the otherhand, since treatment of the cRNA(o) and cRNA(G) duplexes yielded aproduct having the same migration rate as that of Cy3-ASO, it wasconfirmed that the complementary RNA strand of these duplexes wasdecomposed by RNase H and thus the single-stranded Cy3-ASO nucleic acidswere released from the duplex and could migrate as a single strand.

Subsequently, in addition to the electrophoresis described above, themelting point (Tm) of a double-stranded nucleic acid composed of theLNA/DNA gapmer and cRNA was evaluated by the method described below.

Sample solutions (100 μL) in which the final concentrations wereadjusted to 100 mM for sodium chloride, 10 mM for a sodium phosphatebuffer solution (pH 7.2), and 2 μM for the respective oligonucleotidestrands were placed in a boiling water bath, and the sample solutionswere cooled to room temperature over 12 hours and were left to stand for2 hours at 4° C. Under a nitrogen gas stream, the sample solutions werecooled to 5° C., and after the samples were maintained at 5° C. for 15minutes, the analysis was commenced. For the melting point analysis, thetemperature was increased to 90° C. at a rate of 0.5° C./min, and theabsorbance at 260 nm was plotted at an interval of 0.5° C. The Tm valueswere calculated by a differential method. The measurement was carriedout by using Shimadzu UV-1650PC spectrophotometer. The results thusobtained are presented in Table 5.

TABLE 5 Nucleic Acid Modification Tm (° C.) cRNA o 45.32 G 47.65 m/s41.17 cDNA o 37.51 G 34.33 m/s 26.45

As shown by the results presented in Table 5, the melting temperature(Tm) of duplexes formed between the LNA/DNA gapmer and the cDNA strandswas lower than the body temperature in all cases. On the contrary, themelting temperature (Tm) of the duplex of LNA/DNA gapmer and cRNA wasmaintained in the range of 40° C. in all cases, and thus it was foundthat the relevant double-stranded nucleic acids do not undergodissociation at room temperature or the body temperature.

Example 2

A complementary strand comprising conventional RNA only (cRNA(o)) (SEQID NO: 2); a complementary strand in which all the RNA's were subjectedto 2′-OMe (2′-O-methylation) modification and phosphorothioate binding(S-conversion) between the nucleic acids (cRNA(m/s)) (SEQ ID NO: 4); anda complementary strand in which only the two terminal RNA bases weresubjected to 2′-OMe modification and S-conversion between the nucleicacids, and the 8 bases at the center were conventional RNA's (cRNA(G))(SEQ ID NO: 3) were provided in the same manner as in Example 1. Thesecomplementary strands were all annealed with the LNA/DNA gapmer (SEQ IDNO: 1), and thus double-stranded nucleic acids were produced. The targetgene of the LNA/DNA gapmer was the rat apolipoprotein B (rApoB) gene.The ASO was produced by commissioning Gene Design, Inc. with thesynthesis.

The LNA/DNA gapmer was transfected alone and as part of adouble-stranded complex with each of the cRNA, strands described aboveto rat liver cell culture systems (McA-RH7777), by using Lipofectamine2000 (manufactured by Invitrogen, Inc.) according to the usage protocolprovided with the reagent. The concentration of the gapmer that wasadded to the medium at the time of the transfection was set to 0.4 nM or10 nM. Furthermore, controls in which no nucleic acid strands were addedto cells were also prepared. Subsequently, 24 hours after thetransfection, the cells were collected by using Isogen, and mRNA s werecollected according to the manufacturer's usage protocol.

The concentrations of these mRNA's were measured, and cDNA's weresynthesized from certain amounts of the mRNA's by using SuperScript IIIaccording to the manufacturer's protocol. Subsequently, the cDNA's thusproduced were used as templates, and quantitative RT-PCR was carried outby using a TaqMan system. Meanwhile, for the primers used in thequantitative RT-PCR, those designed and produced by Life TechnologiesCorp. based on the various gene numbers. Furthermore, the conditions fortemperature and time were as follows: 15 seconds at 95° C., 30 secondsat 60° C., and 1 second at 72° C. were designated as one cycle, and 40cycles thereof were carried out. Based on the results of thequantitative RT-PCR thus obtained, the amount of expression ofrApoB/amount of expression of rGAPDH (internal standard gene) wererespectively calculated, and the calculation results for the controlgroup and the calculation results for the nucleic acid-administeredgroups were compared and evaluated by a t-test. The results thusobtained are presented in FIG. 13. In addition, for the transfectionsmade with 10 nM concentration, the results for the double-strandednucleic acid complexes were normalized to the results for the LNA/DNAgapmer (ASO) alone and evaluated by the t-test. The results thusobtained are presented in FIG. 14.

As shown by the results presented in FIG. 13, the antisense effect ofthe double-stranded nucleic acid comprising the LNA/DNA gapmer andcRNA(o) (LNA/cRNA(o)) and the double-stranded nucleic acid comprisingthe LNA/DNA gapmer and cRNA(G) (LNA/cRNA(G)) is similar to that causedby the LNA/DNA gapmer (ss-ASO) when administered at the lowerconcentration of 0.4 nM. However, as shown in FIG. 14, when administeredat the higher concentration of 10 nM, the results suggest that thedouble-stranded complexes in which the complementary strand issusceptible to cleavage (LNA/cRNA(o) and LNA/cRNA(G)) improve theantisense effect by about 20% compared to the gapmer ASO administered asa single strand.

Therefore, it was found that even if a LNA/DNA gapmer is annealed with acomplementary strand comprising RNA to obtain a double-stranded nucleicacid complex, the target gene expression suppressing effect (antisenseeffect) in the cell was maintained. Furthermore, when a complementaryRNA strand susceptible to RNase H was used, the antisense effect in thecell was further increased. Such an increase in the antisense effect isbelieved to be caused by the cleavage of the complementary strand RNA inthe nucleus.

Example 3

Next, as illustrated schematically in FIG. 15, a complementary RNAstrand in which tocopherol (Toc) was bound to the 5′-terminus of thecRNA(G) (Toc-cRNA(G)) was produced, and this was annealed with theLNA/DNA gapmer (antisense strand). Thereby, indirect binding oftocopherol to an antisense strand was successfully achieved. Thesequence, composition, and strand length of the LNA/DNA gapmers and thecomplementary strands (cRNA) used in the Examples were as follows.

Antisense LNA/DNA Gapmer Strands

1. ASO 12-mer: (SEQ ID NO: 1) 5′-GCattggtatTC-3′ 2. ASO 13-mer: (SEQ IDNO: 5) 5′-GCattggtatTCA-3′ 3. ASO 14-mer: (SEQ ID NO: 6)5′-AGCattggtatTCA-3′

(Upper case: LNA, lower case: DNA, between nucleic acids:phosphorothioate bond at all sites)

Complementary Strands

1. cRNA 12-mer: (SEQ ID NO: 2) 5′-g_(s)a_(s)AUACCAAU_(s)g_(s)c-3′ 2.cRNA 13-mer: (SEQ ID NO: 7) 5′-u_(s)g_(s)a_(s)AUACCAAU_(s)g_(s)c-3′ 3.cRNA 14-mer: (SEQ ID NO: 8) 5′-u_(s)g_(s)a_(s)AUACCAAU_(s)g_(s)c_(s)u-3′

(Upper case: RNA, lower case: 2′-OMe-RNA, s: phosphorothioate bondsbetween the nucleic acids)

The binding between tocopherol and the cRNA was carried out according toa known technique, by preparing tocopherol amidite in which the hydroxylgroup at the 6-position of the chromane ring of tocopherol was joined tothe phosphoramidite, and then the tocopherol amidite was coupled to the5′-terminus of the RNA by standard coupling methods.

Next, the LNA/DNA gapmer (ss-ASO), the double-stranded nucleic acidcomplex comprising a LNA/DNA gapmer and cRNA(G) (LNA/cRNA(G)), and thedouble-stranded nucleic acid complex comprising a LNA/DNA gapmer andToc-cRNA(G) (LNA/Toc-cRNA(G)), pairing in each complex strands that havethe same strand length of 12 bases, 13 bases, or 14 bases, respectively,were intravenously injected to a mouse in an amount of 0.75 mg/kg eachthrough the tail vein. Also, as a negative control group, mice to whichonly PBS was injected instead of the single-stranded ASO ordouble-stranded nucleic acid complex were also prepared. Seventy-twohours after the injection, the mice were perfused with PBS, and then themice were dissected to extract the liver. Subsequently, extraction ofmRNA, synthesis of cDNA, and quantitative RT-PCR were carried out by thesame methods as the methods described in Comparative Example 1, theamount of expression of mApoB/amount of expression of mGAPDH (internalstandard gene) was calculated, and comparisons were made between thegroup administered with PBS (PBS only) and the groups administered witha nucleic acid. The results thus obtained are presented in FIG. 16.

As illustrated in FIG. 16, it was found that by binding tocopherol to acomplementary strand, ASO/Toc-cRNA(G) is delivered to and accumulated inthe liver with high specificity and high efficiency, and a markedantisense effect was exhibited as compared with ASO/cRNA(G). As shown,the effect exhibited by the ASO/Toc-cRNA having a strand length of 13bases was particularly large.

Example 4

The specificity of ASO/Toc-cRNA complex for its target gene wasevaluated by the same method as the method described in Example 3. Thatis, a double-stranded nucleic acid comprising a LNA/DNA gapmer having astrand length of 13 bases and the complementary strand Toc-cRNA(G)(ASO/Toc-cRNA(G)) was prepared, and intravenously injected to a mouse,and by using the liver-derived cDNA obtained from the mouse, theexpression of the target gene (mApoB gene) in the liver and endogenouscontrol genes (mTTR gene, mSOD1 gene, and mGAPDH gene) was evaluated byquantitative PCR. Meanwhile, regarding the primers used in thequantitative RT-PCR, primers designed and produced by Life TechnologiesCorp. based on the various gene numbers were used. The results thusobtained are presented in FIG. 17.

As shown by the results graphed in FIG. 17, in the liver of the mouse towhich ASO/Toc-cRNA 13-mer was administered, a significant decrease inthe expression was observed only in the mApoB gene, which was the genetranscription product targeted by the LNA/DNA gapmer (ASO). Therefore,it was found that the double-stranded nucleic acid complex comprisingthe LNA/DNA gapmer and Toc-cRNA(G) has a high specificity for thetargeted gene.

Example 5

The dose-dependency of the antisense effect by ASO/Toc-cRNA(G) wasevaluated by the same method as the method described in Example 3 usingthe 13-mer strands. That is, ASO/Toc-cRNA(G) 13-mer double-strandedcomplex was intravenously injected to mice in an amount of 0 mg/kg, 0.02mg/kg, 0.05 mg/kg, 0.09 mg/kg or 0.75 mg/kg, and by using theliver-derived cDNA obtained from the mice, expression of mApoB gene wasevaluated by quantitative PCR. The results thus obtained are presentedin FIG. 18.

As shown by the results illustrated in FIG. 18, it was found that theantisense effect of ASO/Toc-cRNA(G) exhibited a dose-dependent effect.Also, it was found from these results that the amount of ASO/Toc-cRNA(G)required to suppress the expression of the target gene by half (ED50)was calculated to be about 0.036 mg/kg, which is a low concentration forachieving 50% suppression.

Example 6

The sustainability of the antisense effect by ASO/cRNA and ASO/Toc-cRNAwas evaluated by the same method as the method described in Example 3.That is, a LNA/DNA gapmer (ss-ASO), the double-stranded nucleic acidcomprising a LNA/DNA gapmer and cRNA-G (ASO/cRNA(G)), or thedouble-stranded nucleic acid comprising a LNA/DNA gapmer and Toc-cRNA(ASO/Toc-cRNA(G)) was intravenously injected into a mouse. The strandlength of all the nucleic acid strands was 13 bases. Controls were alsoincluded in which just PBS solution and no nucleic acids were injected.In a first experiment, after the intravenous injection, liver wasextracted after 1 day, after 3 days, after 7 days, after 14 days, andafter 28 days, and by using the liver-derived cDNA, the expression ofmApoB gene was evaluated by quantitative PCR. The results thus obtainedare presented in FIG. 19A. The experiment was repeated using a PBSsolution control, single-stranded LNA only, and the double-strandedcomplex ASO/Toc-cRNA(G), and resulting expression levels of mApoB wasevaluated by the same method, after 1 day, 3 days, 7 days, 14 days, 28days, and 42 days post-injection. The results obtained are presented inFIG. 19B.

As shown by the results illustrated in FIG. 19A, the maximum antisenseeffect was exhibited on the third day after administration in all of thetested nucleic acids. Furthermore, the same degree of antisense effectas was observed on the first day after administration was exhibited even7 days after administration. Furthermore, it was shown that theexpression of the target gene was suppressed to an extent of 60% even 14days after administration, and to an extent of 20% even 28 days afteradministration, suppression levels that are measurably significantcompared to the single-stranded ASO. In the second experiment, the samegeneral trend was observed, as shown by FIG. 19B. The maximum antisenseeffect was observed 3 days post-injection, and the level of suppressionobserved on the first day was exhibited 7 days post-injection. Thesuppression 14 and 28 days later was observed to be 80% and 50%,respectively, and a measurable effect was observed even 42 dayspost-injection. Therefore, it was also found that the double-strandednucleic acids of some embodiments have high sustainability in connectionwith the antisense effect.

Example 7

The antisense effect of the double-stranded nucleic acid complex ofanother embodiment was evaluated. The composition of the nucleic acidstrands compared is schematically illustrated in FIG. 20A. Whereasprevious experiments used cRNA(G) (SEQ ID NO: 3), which has a centralregion of natural RNA bases with 2′-OMe modified, phosphorothioated 5′and 3′ wing regions, here, a complementary strand contained the same 5′and 3′ wings (two terminal 2′-OMe modified RNA bases andphosphorothioate links), but the central 8 bases were 2′-OMe modifiedRNA with a natural phosphodiester link between the nucleotides(cRNA(G)-OM) (SEQ ID NO: 9).

That is, the 12-mer LNA/DNA gapmer against mouse apolipoprotein B(mApoB), and 12-mer complementary strands incorporating modified RNAbases to different degrees were designed and produced.

Antisense LNA/DNA gapmer strand ASO 12-mer:

(SEQ ID NO: 1) 5′-GCattggtatTC-3′

(Upper case: LNA, lower case: DNA, phosphorothioate bonds betweennucleic acids at all sites)

Complementary Strands

1. cRNA(G): (SEQ ID NO: 3) 5′-g_(s)a_(s)AUACCAAU_(s)g_(s)c-3′ 2.cRNA(G)-OM: (SEQ ID NO: 9) 5′-g_(s)a_(s)auaccaau_(s)g_(s)c-3′

(Upper case: RNA, lower case: 2′-OMe-RNA, s: phosphorothioate bondsbetween nucleic acids)

Regarding the LNA/DNA gapmer, a product produced by commissioning GeneDesign, Inc. was used. Regarding the complementary strands, productsproduced by commissioning Hokkaido System Science Co., Ltd. were used.

Further, the LNA/DNA gapmer and each of the complementary strands weremixed in equimolar amounts, and the mixture was heated at 95° C. for 5minutes. Subsequently, the mixture was left to stand at a constanttemperature of 37° C. for one hour to anneal the strands. Also, if anyproduct was not to be used immediately, the product was stored at 4° C.thereafter.

Subsequently, the double-stranded nucleic acid comprising LNA 12-mer andcRNA 12-mer (ASO/cRNA(G)), or the double-stranded nucleic acidcomprising LNA 12-mer and cRNA(G)-OM 12-mer (ASO/cRNA (G)-OM) wasintravenously injected through the tail vein of a mouse in an amount of0.75 mg/kg. Control mice receiving administrations of PBS only were alsoprepared. Three days after the intravenous injection, the mice wereperfused with PBS, and then the livers were extracted. Subsequently,extraction of mRNA, synthesis of cDNA, and quantitative RT-PCR werecarried out by the same methods as the methods described in ComparativeExample 1, the amount of expression of mApoB/amount of expression ofmGAPDH (internal standard gene) was calculated, and a comparison wasmade between the group administered with PBS only (PBS only) and thegroups administered with a nucleic acid. The results thus obtained arepresented in FIG. 20B.

As shown by the results illustrated in FIG. 20B, even when cRNA(G)-OMwas used instead of cRNA(G) in the double-stranded nucleic acid complexembodiment of the present invention, the antisense effect was not lost.

Generally, when a pharmaceutical product is enterally administered (oraladministration, or the like), since the pharmaceutical product isexposed to RNase A in the intestinal tract, it is highly preferable thata nucleic acid drug containing RNA have all the relevant parts of RNAmodified by 2′-OMe or the like.

Therefore, since an RNA strand that is entirely modified by 2′-OMe canalso be used as a complementary strand for the double-stranded nucleicacid of some embodiments, it was found that the double-stranded nucleicacid of some embodiments can be applied to embodiments of enteraladministration.

Example 8

In regard to a double-stranded nucleic acid complex comprising a LNA/DNAgapmer and Toc-cRNA, it was found as discussed above that thedouble-stranded nucleic acid has a high antisense effect and can bedelivered to the liver or the like with high specificity and highefficiency.

As such, it is known that when a lipid such as tocopherol is bound, thedelivery properties to the liver or the like are dramatically increased,but the delivery to other organs is on the contrary difficult.Currently, a method for delivery to other organs that is mosteffectively used is a method of utilizing a kind of target peptide thatbinds to various proteins on the cell surface of various organs. In someembodiments, it is contemplated to directly bind a peptide as a deliverymoiety to a nucleic acid, and thereby utilize a targeting peptide in adouble-stranded nucleic acid complex containing a complementary strandcomprising RNA such as described above.

In other embodiments, such as demonstrated by the example describedbelow, a peptide nucleic acid (PNA), which can readily be joined topeptide or antibody-based functional moieties, was used as thecomplementary strand in the double-stranded nucleic acid complex of someembodiments. As shown in the following formula, a PNA does not havephosphate bonds like conventional nucleic acids, but instead had theuseful characteristic of having peptide linkages, so that joining apeptide to a PNA strand is made easy. In addition, PNA is characterizedby having a high Tm value as in the case of a LNA, so that the doublestrand is not likely to dissociate, and by having a strong resistance tocleavage by RNase.

In regard to the demonstration, several embodiments for binding atargeting peptide or the like (peptide-binding strand) to a nucleic acidstrand, which is part of the double-stranded nucleic acid complex butwhere the targeting peptide functional moiety is not directly bound tothe LNA/DNA gapmer are contemplated. Examples of such embodiments areshown in FIG. 21A-C. In FIG. 21A, the functional moiety is bound to thecomplementary RNA strand. In FIG. 21B, three strands are used to formthe double-stranded nucleic acid complex. Here, the complementary RNAanneals with both the LNA/DNA antisense strand and a PNA strand. Joininga peptide-based functional moiety to the PNA strands results in acomplex carrying a delivery functional moiety, but the moiety is notdirectly bound to the antisense oligonucleotide. The third strand doesnot have to be PNA, but could comprise DNA, RNA, and/or nucleotideanalogs. Generally, this embodiment provides that a functional moietycan be indirectly associated with the antisense strand by using acomplementary strand that is longer than the antisense strand, andpreparing a third strand that anneals to the complementary strand in theoverhanging portion. Also, as shown in FIG. 21C, the complementarystrand can itself be prepared with a functional moiety. The functionalmoieties shown in FIG. 21C can be independently chosen.

Next, based on this concept, the inventors designed and produced aLNA/DNA gapmer against mouse apolipoprotein B (mApoB), a complementarystrand comprising RNA, and a peptide-binding strand as shown below.

Antisense LNA/DNA Gapmer Strand

ASO 12-mer: (SEQ ID NO: 1) 5′-GCattggtatTC-3′

(Upper case: LNA, lower case: DNA, phosphorothioate bonds betweennucleic acids at all sites)

Complementary Strand

cRNA 21-mer: (SEQ ID NO: 10) 5′-u_(s)u_(s)cGCACCAGAAUACCAAu_(s)g_(s)c-3′

(Upper case: RNA, lower case: 2′-OMe-RNA, s: phosphorothioate bondsbetween nucleic acids)

Third (Peptide) Strand

PNA 9-mer: (SEQ ID NO: 11) N′-TGGTGCGAA-C′

(Underlined: PNA)

Regarding the LNA/DNA gapmer, a product produced by commissioning GeneDesign, Inc. was used. Regarding the complementary strand, a productproduced by commissioning Hokkaido System Science Co., Ltd. was used.Furthermore, regarding the peptide-binding strand, a product produced bycommissioning Fasmac Co., Ltd. was used.

The LNA/DNA gapmer, the complementary strand, and the peptide-basedstrand were mixed in equimolar amounts, and the mixture as heated at 95°C. for 5 minutes. Subsequently, the mixture was left to stand at aconstant temperature of 37° C. for one hour to anneal the strands. Also,if the strands were not to be used immediately, the strands were storedat 4° C. thereafter.

Subsequently, ASO 12-mer (ss-ASO) or a double-stranded nucleic acidcomplex comprising (1) ASO 12-mer, (2) cRNA(G) 21-mer, and (3) PNA 9-mer(ASO, PNA/cRNA(G)) was intravenously injected to a mouse through thetail vein in an amount of 0.75 mg/kg. Furthermore, a mouse to which PBSonly was administered was also prepared as a control. Three days afterthe intravenous injection, the mice were perfused with PBS, and then thelivers were extracted. Subsequently, extraction of mRNA, synthesis ofcDNA, and quantitative RT-PCR were carried out by the same methods asthe methods described in Comparative Example 1, the amount of expressionof mApoB/amount of expression of mGAPDH (internal standard gene) wascalculated, and a comparison was made between the group administeredwith PBS only (PBS only) and the groups administered with nucleic acids.The results thus obtained are presented in FIG. 22.

As is obvious from the results illustrated in FIG. 22, the antisenseeffect of ASO, PNA/cRNA(G) complex was not reduced as compared with theeffect of LNA 12-mer.

Example 9

The following example demonstrates that a PNA strand can be used as thecomplementary strand in the double-stranded nucleic acid complex as anembodiment.

That is, it is contemplated that a PNA strand can be used as thecomplementary strand, instead of RNA, as illustrated in FIG. 3B. Thisarrangement also provides an embodiment of a double-stranded nucleicacid complex in which a functional moiety such as a targeting peptide isnot directly bound to the antisense strand (e.g., LNA/DNA gapmer) but isindirectly associated with it.

Based on this concept, a LNA/DNA gapmer against mouse apolipoprotein B(mApoB), and a complementary strand comprising PNA were designed andproduced as shown below.

Antisense LNA/DNA Gapmer Strand

ASO 12-mer: (SEQ ID NO: 1) 5′-GCattggtatTC-3′

(Upper case: LNA, lower case: DNA, phosphorothioate bonds betweennucleic acids at all sites)

Complementary Strands

1. cPNA 12-mer: (SEQ ID NO: 12) N′-GAAUACCAAUGC-C′ 2. cPNA 10-mer: (SEQID NO: 13) N′-GAAUACCAAU-C′ 3. cPNA 8-mer: (SEQ ID NO: 14)N′-GAAUACCA-C′

(underlined: PNA)

Regarding the LNA/DNA gapmer, a product produced by commissioning GeneDesign, Inc. was used. Regarding the complementary strand, a productproduced by commissioning Fasmac Co., Ltd. was used.

The LNA/DNA gapmer and each of the complementary strands were mixed inequimolar amounts, and the mixture as heated at 95° C. for 5 minutes.Subsequently, the mixture was left to stand at a constant temperature of37° C. for one hour to anneal the strands. Also, if the strands were notto be used immediately, the strands were stored at 4° C. thereafter.

Subsequently, ASO 12-mer (ss-ASO), a double-stranded nucleic acidcomprising ASO 12-mer and cPNA 12-mer (ASO/cPNA 12-mer), adouble-stranded nucleic acid comprising ASO 12-mer and cPNA 10-mer(ASO/cPNA 10-mer), or a double-stranded nucleic acid comprising ASO12-mer and cPNA 8-mer (ASO/cPNA 8-mer) were intravenously injected to amouse through the tail vein in an amount of 0.75 mg/kg. Furthermore, amouse to which PBS only was administered was also prepared as a control.Three days after the intravenous injection, the mice were perfused withPBS, and then the livers were extracted. Subsequently, extraction ofmRNA, synthesis of cDNA, and quantitative RT-PCR were carried out by thesame methods as the methods described in Comparative Example 1, theamount of expression of mApoB/amount of expression of mGAPDH (internalstandard gene) was calculated, and a comparison was made between thegroup administered with PBS only (PBS only) and the groups administeredwith nucleic acids. The results thus obtained are presented in FIG. 23.

As shown by the results illustrated in FIG. 23, the antisense effect ofany of the ASO/cPNA complexes was at least as strong as the effectobserved for the ss-ASO 12-mer.

Example 10

This example demonstrated that various structures for the complementarystrand that comprise “RNA nucleotides and optionally nucleotide analogs”can be used in the double-stranded nucleic acid complex and will yieldan antisense effect. Four types of complementary strand structures weredesigned and prepared. The structures are schematically illustrated inFIG. 24. As the figure shows, two types of 5′ and 3′ wing regions werecombined with two types of central regions. The wing regions compriseeither 2′-OMe modified RNA with phosphorothioate links, or thenucleotide analog LNA, with phosphorothioate links. The central regioncomprises either natural phosphodiester-linked RNA, orphosphorothioate-linked RNA.

The following 13-mer nucleic strands were produced and tested:

Antisense LNA/DNA Gapmer Strand

ASO 13-mer: (SEQ ID NO: 5) 5′-GCattggtatTCA-3′

(Upper case: LNA, lower case: DNA, phosphorothioate bonds betweennucleic acids at all sites)

Complementary Strands

1. Toc-cRNA (G): (SEQ ID NO: 7) 5′-u_(s)g_(s)a_(s)AUACCAAU_(s)g_(s)c-3′2. Toc-cLNA (G): (SEQ ID NO: 15) 5′-u_(s)g_(s)a_(s)AUACCAAU_(s)g_(s)c-3′3. Toc-cLNA (s): (SEQ ID NO: 16)5′-u_(s)g_(s)a_(s)A_(s)U_(s)A_(s)C_(s)C_(s)A_(s)A_(s)U_(s)g_(s)c-3′ 4.Toc-cRNA (s): (SEQ ID NO: 17)5′-u_(s)g_(s)a_(s)A_(s)U_(s)A_(s)C_(s)C_(s)A_(s)A_(s)U_(s)g_(s)c-3′

(Upper case: RNA, lower case: 2′-OMe-RNA, underlined lower case: LNA, s:phosphorothioate bonds between nucleic acids)

The LNA/DNA gapmer and each of the complementary strands were mixed inequal molar amounts and annealed as described above in Example 7. Next,the annealed double-stranded nucleic acid complexes were intravenouslyinjected through the tail vein of a mouse in an amount of 0.75 mg/kg. Acontrol mouse was also prepared by injecting PBS solution through thetail vein. Three days after the injection, the mice were perfused withPBS, the livers extracted, and subsequently mRNA extraction, cDNAsynthesis, and quantitative RT-PCR was carried out as described inComparative Example 1. The relative mApoB expression level compared tomGAPDH (internal standard gene) was calculated, and the results arepresented in FIGS. 25A-B.

As shown by FIG. 25A, comparing the results of Toc-cRNA (G) withToc-cLNA(G), the 5′ and 3′ wing regions of the complementary strand canbe prepared using bridged nucleic acids as well as RNA, and a similarlylarge antisense effect can be obtained. The data further show that foreither of these types of wing regions, the central RNA portion of thenucleic acid strand can phosphorothioated, and the antisense effectremains as large as that observed with natural RNA in the centralportion of the strand. Compare Toc-cLNA(s) and Toc-cRNA(s) in relationto the effect observed for Toc-cRNA(G), in FIGS. 25A and 25B,respectively.

As discussed in conjunction with Example 7, this example further showsother embodiments in which the nuclease resistance of the complementarystrand can be increased without lose of the antisense effect.Specifically, the full length of the strand can be phosphorothioated andyet where central region comprises phosphorothioate-modified RNA, theantisense strand can still be released and suppress level of the mRNAtranscript.

Example 11

This example demonstrated that even if the first and second strands(antisense and complementary strands) have different lengths theantisense effect is still obtained. Here, a 13-mer LNA/DNA gapmer wasannealed with a 31-mer complementary RNA-based strand and tested forsuppression of expression of ApoB gene in mice. Furthermore, the 31-merwas prepared with a 5′ wing comprising three 2′-OMe modified,phosphorothioated RNA nucleotides, a 3′ wing comprising twenty 2′-OMemodified, phosphorothioated RNA nucleotides, and a central regioncomprising eight RNA nucleotides that have a phosphorothioate link. Theactivity of the 13-mer/31-mer complex was compared with the activity ofa 13-mer/13-mer complex.

Antisense LNA/DNA Gapmer Strand

LNA 13-mer: (SEQ ID NO: 5) 5′-GCattggtatTCA-3′

(Upper case: LNA, lower case: DNA, phosphorothioate bonds betweennucleic acids at all sites)

Complementary Strands

1. 13-mer Toc-cRNA(G): (SEQ ID NO: 7)5′-u_(s)g_(s)a_(s)AUACCAAU_(s)g_(s)c-3′ 2. 31-mer Toc-cRNA(s): (SEQ IDNO: 18) 5′-u_(s)g_(s)a_(s)AUACCAAUgcuacgcauacgcacca_(s)c_(s)c_(s)a-3′

(Upper case: RNA, lower case: 2′-OMe-RNA, s: phosphorothioate bondsbetween nucleic acids)

The LNA/DNA gapmer and each of the complementary strands were mixed inequal molar amounts and annealed as described above in Example 7. Next,the annealed double-stranded nucleic acid complexes were intravenouslyinjected through the tail vein of a mouse in an amount of 0.75 mg/kg. Acontrol mouse was also prepared by injecting PBS solution through thetail vein. Three days after the injection, the mice were perfused withPBS, the livers extracted, and subsequently mRNA extraction, cDNAsynthesis, and quantitative RT-PCR was carried out as described inComparative Example 1. The relative mApoB expression level compared tomGAPDH (internal standard gene) was calculated, and the results arepresented in FIG. 26.

As shown by FIG. 26, comparing the suppression achieved withdouble-stranded complexes having a 31-mer Toc-cRNA(s) complementarystrand versus those having a 13-mer Toc-cLNA(G) complementary strandshows that a similarly large antisense effect was obtained. The datafurther show that the central RNA portion of the nucleic acid strand canphosphorothioated and the antisense effect remains as large as thatobserved with natural RNA in the central portion of the strand, even ifthe complementary strands also differ in length.

Example 12

To demonstrate the sequence-specificity and the universal applicabilityof the antisense effect provided by the double-stranded nucleic acidscomplexes disclosed herein, antisense probes targeting the transcriptionproduct of a different gene, human transthyretin (hTTR) were prepared.The experiments were performed using transgenic mice, altered to containhTTR. (The mice thus contain both hTTR and mTTR.) The antisense andcomplementary strands were prepared in two lengths, as 13-mer and 20-merstrands, and they were tested as the 13-mer/13-mer and 20-mer/20-merdouble-stranded complexes. Also, the complementary strand was preparedwith a 5′-tocopherol functional moiety to direct the complex to theliver. Furthermore, because hTTR expression ultimately yields a proteinobservable in the blood, the serum concentration of the expressedprotein was analyzed, and was found to decrease following injection ofthe double-stranded nucleic acid complex. The sequence and compositionof the various strands designed, produced, and tested are shown below.

Antisense LNA/DNA Gapmer Strands

1. ASO 13-mer: (SEQ ID NO: 19) 5′-TGtctctgccTGG-3′ 2. ASO 20-mer: (SEQID NO: 21) 5′-TTATTgtctctgcctGGACT-3′

(Upper case: LNA, lower case: DNA, phosphorothioate bonds betweennucleic acids at all sites)

Complementary Strands

1. 13-mer Toc-cRNA(G): (SEQ ID NO: 20) 5′-cscsasGGCAGAGAscsa-3′ 2.20-mer Toc-cRNA(G): (SEQ ID NO: 22) 5′-asgsuscscsAGGCAGAGACsasasusasa-3′

(Upper case: RNA, lower case: 2′-OMe-RNA, s: phosphorothioate bondsbetween nucleic acids)

The 13-mer antisense and complementary strands and the 20-mer antisenseand complementary strands, respectively, were mixed in equal molaramounts and annealed as described above in Example 7. Next, 13-mersingle stranded antisense strand and the 13-mer annealed double-strandednucleic acid complex were intravenously injected through the tail veinof a transgenic mouse in an amount of 0.75 mg/kg. Similarly, the 20-merantisense single and 20-mer double-stranded complex were injected in anamount of 6 mg/kg. Control mice were also prepared by injecting PBSsolution through the tail vein. Three days after the injection, the micewere perfused with PBS, the livers extracted, and subsequently mRNAextraction, cDNA synthesis, and quantitative RT-PCR was carried out asdescribed in Comparative Example 1. The relative hTTR expression levelscompared to mGAPDH (internal standard gene) were calculated, and theresults are presented in FIGS. 27A and 27B for the 13-mer and 20-merstrands, respectively.

hTTR that is synthesized in the liver is secreted into the blood. Thus,if antisense probes can be delivered to the liver and are effective insuppressing the expression of hTTR, then the result of the suppressionshould be the lowering of the blood serum concentration of the protein.Blood serum concentration levels were measured before the injectiontreatment with the 13-mer nucleic acid strands and again three dayspost-injection at a commercial lab. The serum concentrations observedare presented in FIG. 28.

As shown by FIG. 27A, the 13-mer double-stranded complex was effectivein suppressing the mRNA transcript by more than 95%. In comparison, thesingle-stranded ASO only yielded a suppression of about 50%. The 20-mercomplex also yielded a similar level of suppression of about 50%,whereas the single-stranded 20-mer had essentially no suppression, asillustrated in FIG. 27B. This falloff in the ability to suppressexpression is commonly observed as the oligonucleotide increases inlength. However, the longer oligonucleotides also are more selective andthus may be more safe. The efficacy of a treatment can be tailored byadjusting, for example, the dosage amount, dosing regimen, and thelength, sequence, and composition of the antisense strand. However, asshown by these examples, delivering the antisense strand as adouble-stranded nucleic acid complex according to the variousembodiments of the present invention yields a significantly greaterdegree of suppression than when the same antisense strand is deliveredas a single strand.

The pre- and post-treatment serum concentration levels are shown in FIG.28, and the results show a significant reduction in hTTR caused by the13-mer double-stranded complex from ˜40 mg/dl to <5 mg/dl, compared withthe single-stranded 13-mer (˜44 mg/dl to ˜28 mg/dl) and the PBS control(approximately no change).

Example 13

This example demonstrated the delivery of a double-stranded nucleic acidcomplex to cells of the nervous system using a peptide as the deliveryfunctional moiety. A double-stranded complex comprising three strands,an antisense strand, a complementary strand, and a PNA strand, havingthe general structure illustrated in FIG. 21B was used. A dodecapeptide,DRG1, was joined to the N-terminal of a 9-mer PNA strand to act as adelivery agent to localize the complex in dorsal root ganglia (DRG)cells. This 9-mer PNA was annealed with a 13-mer antisense strand and a22-mer complementary strand, which are described below, to form thedouble-stranded complex used in the experiment. The gene targeted by theantisense strand was TRPV1.

Antisense LNA/DNA Gapmer Strand

ASO 13-mer: (SEQ ID NO: 23) 5′-TAgtccagttCAC-3′

(Upper case: LNA; lower case: DNA; phosphorothioate bonds betweennucleic acids at all sites)

Complementary Strand

cRNA (G) 22-mer: (SEQ ID NO: 24)5′-g_(s)u_(s)g_(s)AACUGGACuauacgcac_(s)c_(s)a-3′

(Upper case: RNA; lower case: 2′-OMe-RNA; s: phosphorothioate bondsbetween nucleic acids)

Third (Peptide) Strand

pep-PNA 9-mer: (SEQ ID NOs: 25 and 31) N′-SPGARAFGGGGS-tggtgcgta-C′

(Upper case: amino acid; Underlined, lower case: PNA)

The LNA/DNA gapmer, the complementary strand, and the peptide-PNA strandwere mixed in equimolar amounts, and the mixture as heated at 95° C. for5 minutes. Subsequently, the mixture was left to stand at a constanttemperature of 37° C. for one hour to anneal the three strands(“ts-TRPV1”). Also, if the strands were not to be used immediately, thestrands were stored at 4° C. Also, a double-stranded complex comprisingjust the antisense strand and the complementary strand (“ds-TRPV1”) wasprepared the same way.

Mice were obtained from Sankyo Lab (Tokyo, Japan), kept within apathogen-free animal facility and provided food and water ad libitum.Eight-week old female ICR mice weighing on average 27 g received 2.66 ugintra-thecal injections of PBS, ds-TRPV1, or ts-TRPV1. Animal procedureswere performed by a physician licensed for animal experimentation, inaccordance with ethical and safety protocols approved by the AnimalExperiment Committee of Tokyo Medical and Dental University.Intra-thecal injection was administered following induction ofanaesthesia via intra-peritoneal injection of chloral hydrate (0.5 mg/gbody weight) and ketamine hydrochloride (0.05 mg/g body weight). Allmice were placed in the prone position and underwent partial laminectomyof the second and third lumbar vertebrae (L2-L3). Once exposed, the duramater between these vertebrae was punctured using s 27-gauge needle;subsequently, a PE-10 catheter connected to a 10 uL Hamilton syringe wasinserted caudally into the subarachnoid space to approximately the levelof L5 and a 10 uL volume was steadily administered over a 1-minuteperiod. After the removal of the catheter, the fascia and skin weresutured with 4-0-nylon thread and treated with antibiotic solution. Theanimals were then positioned in the head-up position and allowed torecover on a heated pad.

Histological analysis was performed as follows. Mice were euthanized 2days after injection via 3 mg chloral hydrate intra-peritoneal injectionand transcardial fixation with PFA (4% paraformaldehyde in PBS)following PBS perfusion. DRG (unilteral L6) were harvested. The DRG thusobtained were fixed with a 4% formalin solution, subsequently thesolution was replaced with a 30% sucrose solution, the livers wereembedded in OCT Compound, and then sections having a thickness of 10 μmwere produced therefrom. Subsequently, the sections were nucleus stainedby using DAPI, and then the signal intensities of Cy3 in the sectionswere observed using a confocal microscope. The confocal imaging analysisis shown in FIG. 29.

Relative expression level analysis of TRPV1 was performed as follows.Mice were sacrificed 7 days after injection via induction of anaesthesiaand transcardial PBS perfusion. Three unilateral DRG were harvested fromeach mouse: lumbar spinal DRG (LSD) L4, L5, and L6. Thereafter, mRNAextraction, cDNA synthesis, and quantitative RT-PCR was carried out asdescribed in Comparative Example 1. The relative mTRPV1 expressionlevels compared to mGAPDH (internal standard gene) were calculated, andthe results are presented in FIG. 30.

The histological analysis, shown in FIG. 29, reveals that theCy3-labeled antisense strand localized to the nucleus of DRG cells. Thisis evidenced by the coincident fluorescent signals of the nuclear stainthe fluorescent label on the antisense strand. Again, this experimentdemonstrated that the double-stranded complex comprising three strandsremained intact and the delivery moiety on the third strand directed thecomplex, and thereby the antisense strand, to the cell of interest.

The antisense effect is observed, as shown in FIG. 30 by the suppressionof the expression of mTRPV1. The complex, ts-PRPV1, which contains thepeptide-PNA strand and thus can guide the complex to DRG cells,demonstrated a suppression of about 40%. In contrast, the ds-TRPV1complex, which lacked the peptide-PNA strand suppressed the geneexpression, but only by about 20%. This example again demonstrated theability to deliver an antisense strand to a specific cell type usingcomplexes comprising three strands. Furthermore, this exampleillustrates the use of a peptide to guide the delivery, and achievesthis in a cell type (DRG) and organ different from that illustrated inother examples (nervous system instead of the liver).

Example 14

This example demonstrated an antisense effect by the double-strandednucleic acid complex against non-protein encoding RNA transcriptproducts, namely, against an miRNA. In a mouse liver, miR-122, an miRNA,is known to be expressed. A 15-mer anti-miR strand was designed andprepared with a 5′ wing and a 3′ wing comprising three nucleotidesanalogs (bridged nucleic acid, LNA), and a 9 base central regioncomprising DNA, wherein all the links were phosphorothioated. Acomplementary strand with 5′ and 3′ wings comprising 2′-OMe,phosphorothioated RNA and a central region comprising natural RNA wasprepared.

Anti-miR LNA/DNA Gapmer Strand

ASO 15-mer: (SEQ ID NO: 26) 5′-CCAttgtcacacTCC-3′

(Upper case: LNA; lower case: DNA; phosphorothioate bonds betweennucleic acids at all sites)

Complementary Strand

Toc-cRNA (G) 15-mer: (SEQ ID NO: 27)5′-Toc-g_(s)g_(s)a_(s)GUGUGACCA_(s)u_(s)g_(s)g-3′

(Upper case: RNA; lower case: 2′-OMe-RNA; s: phosphorothioate bondsbetween nucleic acids)

The anti-miR LNA/DNA gapmer and the complementary strand were mixed inequal molar amounts and annealed as described above in Example 7. Next,the single-stranded anti-miR strand and the annealed double-strandednucleic acid complexes were intravenously injected through the tail veinof a mouse in an amount of 0.75 mg/kg. A control mouse was also preparedby injecting PBS solution through the tail vein. Three days after theinjection, the mice were perfused with PBS, the livers extracted, andsubsequently mRNA extraction, cDNA synthesis, and quantitative RT-PCRwas carried out as described in Comparative Example 1. The relativemApoB expression level compared to mGAPDH (internal standard gene) wascalculated, and the results are presented in FIG. 31.

As shown by FIG. 31, the double-stranded complex provides nearly a 50%reduction in the level of miR-122, whereas the single stranded anti-miRoligonucleotide provided just a ˜20% reduction. It is also noteworthythat the typical methods for reducing miRNA levels use a mixmer typeprobe structure, and the probe needs to be delivered at a dose of ˜10mg/kg to achieve a 50% reduction (ED50). As illustrated, thedouble-stranded complex according to some embodiments that is presentedin this example achieves ED50 at a considerably lower dosage amount.

Example 15

This example used an antisense strand comprising “amideBNA”amido-bridged nucleic acids to achieve an antisense effect.Amido-bridged nucleic acids (also referred to as “AmNAs”) are analogs ofLNAs that have a cyclic amide bridge (4′-C(O)—N(R)-2′; R═H, Me) joiningthe 2′ and 4′-carbons of the sugar ring. The synthesis of AmNAs, theirincorporation into oligonucleotides and the properties thereof, such asbinding affinity and nuclease resistance, were recently disclosed by A.Yahara et al., in ChemBioChem 2012, 13, 2513-2516, the disclosure ofwhich is incorporated by reference. As disclosed by Yahara et al., AmNAsexhibit excellent binding affinities toward complementary strands and ahigh degree of nuclease resistance, thus making them suitable for use inantisense oligonucleotides. A 13-mer antisense strand was designed andprepared with a 5′ wing and a 3′ wing comprising, respectively, two andthree nucleotides analogs (amideBNA, AmNA), and an 8 base central regioncomprising DNA, wherein all the links were phosphorothioated. Acomplementary strand with 5′ and 3′ wings comprising 2′-OMe,phosphorothioated RNA and a central region comprising natural RNA wasprepared.

Antisense amideBNA (AmNA)/DNA Gapmer Strand

ASO 13-mer: (SEQ ID NO: 28) 5′-GCattggtatTCA-3′

(Upper case: N-methyl amideBNA (AmNA), lower case: DNA, phosphorothioatebonds between nucleic acids at all sites)

Complementary Strand

1. 13-mer Toc-cRNA(G): (SEQ ID NO: 7)5′-u_(s)g_(s)a_(s)AUACCAAU_(s)g_(s)c-3′

(Upper case: RNA, lower case: 2′-OMe-RNA, s: phosphorothioate bondsbetween nucleic acids)

The antisense amidoBNA/DNA gapmer (ASO) and the complementary strandwere mixed in equal molar amounts and annealed as described above inExample 7. Next, the single-stranded ASO and the annealeddouble-stranded nucleic acid complex were intravenously injected throughthe tail vein of a mouse in various amounts (ss-ASO: 0.75 mg/kg; 2.25mg/kg; Toc-ASO/cRNA(G): 0.33 mg/kg; 1.0 mg/kg). A control mouse was alsoprepared by injecting PBS solution through the tail vein. Seven days orfourteen days after the injection, the mice were perfused with PBS, thelivers extracted, and subsequently mRNA extraction, cDNA synthesis, andquantitative RT-PCR was carried out as described in ComparativeExample 1. The relative mApoB expression level compared to mGAPDH(internal standard gene) was calculated, and the results are presentedin FIG. 32.

As shown by FIG. 32, the double-stranded nucleic acid complex thatincorporates amideBNA (AmNA) into the 5′ wing and 3′ wing regions of thefirst nucleic acid (antisense oligonucleotide) generates an antisenseeffect in vivo. The graphs shows that even when the double-strandedcomplex is injected into mice in lower amounts than the single-strandedASO a greater degree of suppression is achieved with the double-strandedcomplex. For example, the ASO/Toc-cRNA(G) complex injected at 1.0 mg/kgyielded a suppression by approximately 55%, which was significantlylower than the result of just 20% suppression with ss-ASO at 2.25 mg/kgdose when measured 7 days post-injection. As demonstrated by thisembodiment, a greater degree of suppression of expression is achievedwith less reagent by practicing the method and using the double-strandedcomplex disclosed herein.

Example 16

This example used a double-stranded nucleic acid complex (Toc-dsASO)comprising the following first strand and second strand.

First Strand (ASO)

(SEQ ID NO: 32) 5′-*TCagtcatgactTC-3′

(Uppercase: LNA, Lowercase: DNA, phosphorothioate bonds between nucleicacids at all sites)

Second Strand (Toc-cRNA)

(SEQ ID NO: 33) 5′-Toc-G{circumflex over ( )} A{circumflex over( )}AGUCAUGACU{circumflex over ( )}G{circumflex over ( )} A-3′(Upper case: RNA, ^: Phosphorothioate bond, under line: 2′-O-methyl RNA,Toc: alpha-tocopherol)

Then, three-week-old female ICR mice were used. the present inventorsintravenously injected three mice with the Toc-dsASO (50 mg per g bodyweight) or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) for each group. Three daysafter the injection, all of the mice were euthanized, and liver, heartmuscle, skeletal muscle, lung, fat, adrenal grand, kidney,choroidplexus, lumbar dorsal root ganglion and cervical dorsal rootganglion were harvested for analysis. Cerebral microvacular fraction wasseparated from whole brain tissue by sucrose gradient method for thesame analysis. Total RNA was extracted from the harvested tissues, andthe present inventors assessed them by quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR).the present inventors measured scavenger receptor class B, member1(SRB1) as the target gene, and glyceraldehyd-3-phosphate dehydrogenase(Gapdh) gene as an internal control. The results thus obtained arepresented in FIG. 33A.

In addition, three-week-old female ICR mice weighing log were used. Thepresent inventors intravenously injected three mice with the Toc-dsASO(50 mg, 25 mg, 12.5 mg and 6.25 mg per g body weight) or single strandantisense oligonucleotide (the ASO; 50 mg, 25 mg, 12.5 mg and 6.25 mgper g body weight) or PBS each. Three days after injection, all of themice were euthanized, and each tissue was harvested for analysis. TotalRNA was extracted from the harvested tissues, and we assessed them byqRT-PCR. The present inventors measured SRB1 as the target gene, andGapdh gene as an internal control. The results thus obtained arepresented in FIGS. 33B-33F.

As is obvious from the results presented in FIG. 33A, qRT-PCR analysisshowed that the expression of SRB1 in the the Toc-dsASO (50 mg per gbody weight) group was reduced by 98% in the liver, by 89% in the heartmuscle, by 95% in the skeletal muscle, by 91% in the lung, by 92% in thefat, by 99% in the adrenal grand, by 88% in the kidney, by 61% in theovary, by 80% in the choroid plexus, and by 76% in the lumbar dorsalroot ganglion relative to PBS control group.

Furthermore, regarding the heart muscle, qRT-PCR analysis showed thatthe reduction of SRB1 in mice with the Toc-dsASO injection was moresignificant than that with the ASO injection in the doses of 25 and 50mg/kg (See FIG. 33B). Regarding the skeletal muscle, qRT-PCR analysisshowed that the reduction of SRB1 in mice with the Toc-dsASO injectionwas more significant than that with the ASO injection in the doses of 25and 50 mg/kg (See FIG. 33C). Regarding the adrenal grand, qRT-PCRanalysis showed that SRB1 expression was decreased in dose-dependentmanner in mice with the Toc-dsASO injection, in contrast, there was nosignificant reduction of SRB1 in mice with the ASO injection (See FIG.33D). Regarding the lumbar dorsal root ganglion, qRT-PCR analysis showedthat the reduction of SRB1 in mice with the Toc-dsASO injection was moresignificant than that with the ASO injection in the doses of 12.5 and 50mg/kg (See FIG. 33E). Regarding the cervical dorsal root ganglion,qRT-PCR analysis showed that the reduction of SRB1 in mice with theToc-dsASO injection was more significant than that with the ASOinjection in the doses of 25 and 50 mg/kg (See FIG. 33F).

As discussed above, using a double-stranded nucleic acid complexaccording to embodiments of the present invention, in some embodimentsan antisense nucleic acid can be delivered to a particular organ (cells)with high specificity and high efficiency, and the expression of atarget gene or the level of a transcription product can be veryeffectively suppressed by the antisense nucleic acid. Furthermore, sincevarious molecules such as lipids (for example, tocopherol andcholesterol), sugars (for example, glucose and sucrose), proteins,peptides, and antibodies can be applied to the double-stranded nucleicacid of some embodiments as functional moieties for the delivery toparticular organs, the double-stranded nucleic acid complex of someembodiments can be targeted to various organs, tissues and cells. Also,since the antisense effect is not reduced even if the double-strandednucleic acid of some embodiments is subjected to modification forimparting resistance to RNase or the like, the double-stranded nucleicacid of some embodiments can also be used in embodiments of enteraladministration.

Therefore, the double-stranded nucleic acid of some embodiments canprovide high efficacy even when administered at a low concentration, andis also excellent from the viewpoint of reducing adverse side effects bysuppressing the distribution of antisense nucleic acids in organs otherthan the target organ. Therefore, the double-stranded nucleic acid isuseful as a pharmaceutical composition or the like for treating andpreventing diseases that are associated with increased expression oftarget genes, such as metabolic diseases, tumors, and infections and/orincreased level of a transcription product.

What is claimed is:
 1. A pharmaceutical composition for reducing thelevel of a transcription product in a cell comprising: a double-strandednucleic acid complex comprising a first nucleic acid strand, a secondnucleic acid strand which has a sequence complementary to the firstnucleic acid strand, and a hairpin linker which links the first nucleicacid strand and the second nucleic acid strand, wherein: (i) the firstnucleic acid strand hybridizes to the transcription product, and is (a)a nucleic acid strand which comprises at least 4 consecutive DNAnucleotides or modified DNA nucleotides that are recognized by RNase Hwhen the strand is hybridized to the transcription product, wherein thetotal number of nucleotides of the first nucleic acid strand is 12 to25; and (ii) the second nucleic acid strand is a nucleic acid strandwhich comprises (a) at least 4 consecutive RNA nucleotides, and (b) oneor more modified nucleotides, nucleotide analogs and/or modifiednucleotide analogs located 5′ to the at least 4 consecutive RNAnucleotides, and/or (c) one or more modified nucleotides, nucleotideanalogs and/or modified nucleotide analogs located 3′ to the at least 4consecutive RNA nucleotides, wherein the total number of nucleotides ofthe second nucleic acid strand is 12 to
 31. 2. The pharmaceuticalcomposition according to claim 1, wherein the hairpin linker is hairpinloop nucleic acid which links the first nucleic acid and the secondnucleic acid.
 3. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 1,wherein the first nucleic acid strand further comprises (b) a 5′ wingregion which comprises one or more nucleotide analogs or modifiednucleotide analogs located 5′ to the at least 4 consecutive DNAnucleotides or modified DNA nucleotides that are recognized by RNase H;and/or (c) a 3′ wing region which comprises one or more nucleotideanalogs or modified nucleotide analogs located 3′ to the at least 4consecutive DNA nucleotides or modified DNA nucleotides that arerecognized by RNase H.
 4. The pharmaceutical composition according toclaim 1, wherein the double stranded nucleic acid complex furthercomprises a third nucleic acid strand annealed to the second nucleicacid strand.
 5. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 4,wherein the third nucleic acid strand (i) comprises nucleotides andoptionally nucleotide analogs and total number of the nucleotides andnucleotide analogs which are optionally comprised is 8 to 100, (ii)comprises at least 4 consecutive nucleotides that are recognized byRNase H when the strand is hybridized to a second transcription product,and (iii) hybridizes to the second transcription product.
 6. Thepharmaceutical composition according to claim 4, wherein the thirdnucleic acid strand hybridizes to a transcription product that isidentical to the transcription product to which the first nucleic acidstrand hybridizes.
 7. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim4, wherein the third nucleic acid strand hybridizes to a transcriptionproduct different from the transcription product to which the firstnucleic acid strand hybridizes.
 8. The pharmaceutical compositionaccording to claim 1, wherein the second nucleic acid strand furthercomprises a functional moiety having a function selected from a labelingfunction, a purification function, and a targeted delivery function.